E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The Korean Version of Barkley Deficits in Executive Functioning Scale (K-BDEFS) was designed to evaluate daily executive functioning in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. The original Barkley Deficit in Executive Functioning Scale (BDEFS) and the K-BDEFS have demonstrated satisfactory reliability and validity. This study examined the reliability and validity of the K-BDEFS Short-Form (K-BDEFS-SF) in South Korea. A total of 1,016 community-dwelling general adults in 4-four different areas in South Korea participated. The internal consistency and the item-total correlations were favorable. The Korean version of Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale, Korean version of the Beck Depression Inventory, Korean version of Beck Anxiety Inventory were used to assess the concurrent and discriminant validity. The K-BDEFS-SF demonstrated successful reliability and validity. A confirmatory factor analysis supported the five factor model of the K-BDEFS-SF as presented in the original version of the BDEFS-SF. Overall, this study supports the use of the K-BDEFS-SF to assess deficits in executive functioning in community-dwelling populations of Korean adults.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Barkley, R. A. (1997). Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. Psychological Bulletin, 121, 65-94.
Barkley, R. A. (2011). Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale (BDEFS). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Barkley, R. A., Fischer, M., Smallish, L., & Fletcher, K. (2002). The persistence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder into young adulthood as a function of reporting source and definition of disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 111, 279-289. doi:10. 1037/0021-843X.111.2.279
Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2010). Impairment in occupational functioning and adult ADHD: the predictive utility of executive function (EF) ratings versus EF tests. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 25, 157-173. doi:10.1093/arclin/acq014
Barkley, R. A., Murphy, K. R., & Fischer, M. (2008). ADHD in adults:What the science says. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An inventory for measuring clinical anxiety: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Counseling and Clinical Psychology, 56, 893-897.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Manual for the BDI-II. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Bell, A. S. (2011). A critical Review of ADHD diagnostic criteria:What to address in the DSM-V. Journal of Attention Disorders, 15, 3-10.
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Evans, M., Small, J., & Faraone, S. V. (2010). How persistent is ADHD? A controlled 10-year followup study of boys with ADHD. Psychiatry research, 177, 299-304.
Biederman, J., Petty, C. R., Fried, R., Fontanella, J., Doyle, A. E., Seidman, L. J., & Faraone, S. V. (2006). Impact of psychometrically defined deficits of executive functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 1730-1738. doi:10.1176/ajp.2006.163.10.1730
Bollen, K. A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY.
Brown, T. E. (2006). Executive functions and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Implications of two conflicting views. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 53, 35-46.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Publications, Newbury Park, CA.
Canu, W. H., & Carlson, C. L. (2007). Rejection sensitivity and social outcomes of young adult men with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 10, 261-275. doi:10.1177/1087054706288106
Castellanos, F. X., Sonuga-Barke, E. J., Milham, M. P., & Tannock, R. (2006). Characterizing cognition in ADHD: Beyond executive dysfunction. Trends in Cognitive Science, 10, 117-123.
Chang, M. S. (2008). The Validation of Conners’ Adult ADHD Scale-Korean (Short Version). Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27, 499-513.
Cohen, J., & Cohen, P. (1983). Applied Multiple Regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences (2nd ed), Hillsdale, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Conners, C. K., Erhardt, D., & Sparrow, M. A. (1999). Conners’ Adult ADHD Rating Scales (CAARS). New York, NY: Multihealth Systems.
Corbisiero, S., Morstedt, B., Bitto, H., & Stieglitz, R. D. (2017). Emotional dysregulation in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder-validity, predictability, severity, and comorbidity. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 73, 99-112. doi:10.1002/jclp.22317
Faraone, S. V., & Biederman, J. (2005). What is the prevalence of adult ADHD? Results of a population screen of 966 adults. Journal of Attention Disorders, 9, 384-391. doi:10.1177/1087054705-281478
Faraone, S. V., Biederman, J., & Spencer, T. (2010). Diagnostic efficiency of symptom items for identifying adult ADHD. Journal of ADHD and Related Disorders, 1, 38-48.
Heaton, R. K., Chelune, G. J., Talley, J. L., Kay, G. G., & Curtiss, G. (1993). Wisconsin card sorting test manual: revised and expanded. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources: Inc.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6, 1-55.
Kessler, R. C., Adler, L., Barkley, R., Biederman, J., Conners, C. K., Demler, O., . . . Zaslavsky, A. M. (2006). The prevalence and correlates of adult ADHD in the United States: Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. The American Journal of Psychiatry, 163, 716-723.
Kim, J. H., Lee, E. H., & Joung, Y. S. (2013). The WHO Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale: Reliability and Validity of the Korean Version. Psychiatry Investigation, 10, 41-46. doi:10.4306/pi.2013. 10.1.41
Knouse, L. E., Barkley, R. A., & Murphy, K. R. (2013). Does executive functioning (EF) predict depression in clinic-referred adults?:EF tests vs. rating scales. Journal of Affective Disorders, 145, 270-275.
Lee, H. B., Yang, M. J., Lee, E. H., Joung, Y. S., Hwang, S. T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Reliability and validity of the Korean version of Barkley deficits in Executive Funcioning Scale. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 519-539.
Lee, H. K., Lee, E. H., Hwang, S. T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Psychometric properties of the Beck Anxiety Inventory in the community-dwelling sample of Korean adults. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 822-830.
Lim, S. U., Lee, E. H., Hwang, S. T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2016). Psychometric Properties of the Beck Depression Inventory-II in Korea. Poster session presented at the meeting of the 2014 autumn conference of the Korean Clinical Psychology Association, Korea.
Mahone, E. M., Hagelthorn, K. M., Cutting, L. E., Schuerholz, L. J., Pelletier, S. F., Rawlins, C., . . . Denckla, M. B. (2002). Effects of IQ on executive function measures in children with ADHD. Child Neuropsychology, 8, 52-65. doi:10.1076/chin.8.1. 52.8719
McClintock, S. M., Husain, M. M., Greer, T. L., & Cullum, C. M. (2010). Association between depression severity and neurocognitive function in major depressive disorder: A review and synthesis. Neuropsychology, 24, 9-34.
Musser, E. D., & Nigg, J. T. (2017). Emotion dysregulation across emotion systems in attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 19, 1-13.
Pennington, B. F., & Ozonoff, S. (1996). Executive functions and developmental psychopathology. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 37, 51-87.
Safren, S. A., Sprich, S. E., Cooper-Vince, C., Knouse, L. E., & Lerner, J. A. (2010). Life impairments in adults with medicationtreated ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 13, 524-531. doi:10.1177/1087054709332460
Shaw-Zirt, B., Popali-Lehane, L., Chaplin, W., & Bergman, A. (2005). Adjustment, social skills, and self-esteem in college students with symptoms of ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 8, 109-120. doi:10.1177/1087054705277775
Sibley, M. H., Pelham, W. J., Molina, B. G., Gnagy, E. M., Waschbusch, D. A., Garefino, A. C., . . . Karch, K. M. (2012). Diagnosing ADHD in adolescence. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 80, 139-150. doi:10.1037/a0026577
Vélez-Pastrana, M. C., González, R. A., Rodríguez Cardona, J., Purcell Baerga, P., Alicea Rodríguez, Á., & Levin, F. R. (2015). Psychometric properties of the Barkley deficits in executive functioning scale: A Spanishlanguage version in a community sample of Puerto Rican adults. Psychological Assessment, 28, 483-498.
Wender, P. H. (1995). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Wender, P. H. (1998). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. Psychiatric Clinics of North America, 21, 761-774.
Willcutt, E. G., Doyle, A. E., Nigg, J. T., Faraone, S. V., & Pennington, B. F. (2005). Validity of the executive function theory of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A meta-analytic review. Biological Psychiatry, 57, 1336-1346. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2005. 02.006