E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of the study was to examine the psychometric properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Second Edition (RCMAS-2) in a community sample of Korean elementary students. The Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) has been widely used to measure manifest anxiety levels among children and adolescents. Its reliability and validity have been extensively investigated across cultures. Recently, the RCMAS-2 was developed to improve the psychometric characteristics by removing old items and changing the ambiguous sentences. A total of 940 Korean elementary students participated in to examine the reliability and validity of the Korean version of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Second Edition (K-RCMAS-2). To determine the structural validity, the four-factor model was found to be the best model in terms of model complexity and parsimony. Internal consistency of each scale was acceptable within the range of .65–.88. The test-retest reliability of each scale was good in the range of .80–.88. Concurrent and convergent validity was good, as shown by the correspondence of the Children’s Depression Inventory 2 and Spielberger Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. The impact of gender and grade on anxiety level were found to be minimal, indicating the importance of emphasizing individuals’ manifest anxiety. The implications of the study findings and suggestions for future studies are discussed.
Aldridge, A. A., & Roesch, S. C. (2007). Coping and adjustment in children with cancer: A meta-analytic study. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 30, 115-129.
Ang, R. P., Lowe, P. A., & Yusof, N. (2011). An examination of the RCMAS-2 scores across gender, ethnic background, and age in a large Asian school sample. Psychological Assessment, 23, 899.
Barker, M. M., Beresford, B., Bland, M., & Fraser, L. K. (2019). Prevalence and incidence of anxiety and depression among children, adolescents, and young adults with life-limiting conditions:A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatrics, 173, 835-844.
Bidjerano, T. (2006). Factor structure of a Bulgarian translation of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Psychological Reports, 99, 943-952.
Blanco, P. J., Muro, J. H., Holliman, R., Stickley, V. K., & Carter, K. (2015). Effect of child-centered play therapy on performance anxiety and academic achievement. Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling, 1, 66-80.
Boehnke, K., Sillbereisen, R. K., Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1986). What I think and feel—German experience with the revised form of the children’s manifest anxiety scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 7, 553-560.
Browne, M. W., & Cudeck, R. (1992). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sociological Methods and Research, 21, 230-258.
Chen, X. (2000). Social and emotional development in Chinese children and adolescents: A contextual cross-cultural perspective. In F. Columbus (Ed.), Advances in psychology research, Vol. 1. (pp. 229-251). Hauppauge, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
Chen, X., Cen, G., Li, D., & He, Y. (2005). Social functioning and adjustment in Chinese children: The imprint of historical time. Child Development, 76, 182-195.
Cho, B. H., & Lim, K. H. (2003). Development and validation of emotional or behavioral problems scale. Korean Journal of Counseling and Psychotherapy, 15, 729-746.
Cho, S. C., & Choi, J. S. (1989). Development of the Korean form of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children. Seoul Journal of Psychiatry, 14, 150-157.
Choi, J. Y., Shin, Y. J., & Oh, K. J. (2009). Effectiveness of traumafocused cognitive behavioral therapy for sexually abused children:An exploratory study. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 9, 57-73.
DeVellis, R. F. (2003). Scale development: Theory and applications. Newsbury Park, CA: Sage.
Ding, X., Coplan, R. J., Deng, X., Ooi, L. L., Li, D., & Sang, B. (2019). Sad, scared, or rejected? A short-term longitudinal study of the predictors of social avoidance in Chinese children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 47, 1265-1276.
Essau, C. A., Conradt, J., & Petermann, F. (2000). Frequency, comorbidity, and psychosocial impairment of anxiety disorders in German adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 14, 263-279.
Frigerio, A., Pesenti, S., Molteni, M., Snider, J., & Battaglia, M. (2001). Depressive symptoms as measured by the CDI in a population of Northern Italian children. European Psychiatry, 16, 33-37.
Gerard, A. B., & Reynolds, C. R. (2004). Characteristics and applications of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS). In M. E. Maruish (Ed.), The Use of Psychological Testing for Treatment Planning and Outcomes Assessment (3rd ed., Vol. 2). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Earlbaum Associate, Inc.
Grant, K. E., Compas, B. E., Thurm, A. E., McMahon, S. D., & Gipson, P. Y. (2004). Stressors and child and adolescent psychopathology:Measurement issues and prospective effects. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 412-425.
Hearn, C. S., Donovan, C. L., Spence, S. H., March, S., & Holmes, M. C. (2017). What’s the worry with social anxiety? Comparing cognitive processes in children with generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 48, 786-795.
Hofmann, S. G., Anu Asnaani, M. A., & Hinton, D. E. (2010). Cultural aspects in social anxiety and social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 27, 1117-1127.
Holmes, M. C., Donovan, C. L., Farrell, L. J., & March, S. (2014). The efficacy of a group-based, disorder-specific treatment program for childhood GAD - A randomized controlled trial. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 61, 122-135.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6, 1-55.
Kim, H. J., Lee, E. H., Hwang, S. T., Hong, S. H., & Kim, J. H. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Children’s Depression Inventory-2among a community-based sample of Korean children and adolescents. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37, 177-186.
Kirk, R. E. (1996). Practical significance: A concept whose time has come. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 56, 746-759.
Kline, R. B. (2016). Principles and practice of structural equation modeling, 4th ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
Lee, S. M., Yoon, J. R., Yi, Y. Y., Eom, S., Lee, J. S., Kim, H. D., . . . Kang, H. C. (2015). Screening for depression and anxiety disorder in children with headache. Korean Journal of Pediatrics, 58, 64-68.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Zinbarg, R., Seeley, J. R., Lewinsohn, M., & Sack, W. H. (1997). Lifetime comorbidity among anxiety disorders and between anxiety disorders and other mental disorders in adolescents. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 11, 377-394.
Lowe, P. A. (2014). A closer look at the psychometric properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale – Second Edition among U.S. elementary and secondary school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 32, 495-508.
Manne, S. L., Bakeman, R., Jacobsen, P., & Redd, W. H. (1993). Children’s coping during invasive medical procedures. Behavior Therapy, 24, 143-158.
Mathew, A. R., Pettit, J. W., Lewinsohn, P. M., Seeley, J. R., & Roberts, R. E. (2011). Co-morbidity between major depressive disorder and anxiety disorders: Shared etiology or direct causation? Psychological Medicine, 41, 2023-2034.
Mulaik, S. A. (2009). Foundations of factor analysis (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Chapman and Hall/CRC.
Muthén, L., & Muthén, B. (2012). Mplus user’s guide (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Muthén & Muthén.
Oh, H., Goth, K., & Min, B. B. (2008). Differences in basal personality development of Korean and German adolescents according to JTCI 12-18. Korean Journal of Psychological and Social Issues, 14, 391-407.
Paget, K. D., & Reynolds, C. R. (1984). Dimensions, levels and reliabilities on the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale with learning disabled children. Journal of Learning Disabilities, 17, 137-141.
Park, H. Y., Kim, J. H., Ko, H. J., & Hong, S. (2005). Investigating the structure of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 24, 427-437.
Raad, J. M. (2013). Validation of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, (RCMAS-2) scores for children with specific learning disabilities (Doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from http://guides. lib.ku.edu/etd
Ramsawh, H. J., & Chavira, D. A. (2016). Association of childhood anxiety disorders and quality of life in a primary care sample. Journal of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, 37, 269-276.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (1978). What I think and feel:A revised measure of children’s manifest anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 6, 271-280.
Reynolds, C. R., & Richmond, B. O. (2008). Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, Second Edition (RCMAS-2) manual. Torrance, CA: Western Psychological Services.
Rhemtulla, M., Brosseau-Liard, P. É., & Savalei, V. (2012). When can categorical variables be treated as continuous? A comparison of robust continuous and categorical SEM estimation methods under suboptimal conditions. Psychological Methods, 17, 354-373.
Richmond, B. O., Rodrigo, G., & Rodrigo, M. (1988). Factor structure of a Spanish version of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in Uruguay. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 165-170.
Sandi, C., & Richter-Levin, G. (2009). From high anxiety trait to depression: A neurocognitive hypothesis. Trends in Neuroscience, 32, 312-320.
Schleismann, K. D., & Gillis, J. M. (2011). The treatment of social phobia in a young boy with Asperger’s disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 18, 515-529.
Schniering, C. A., Hudson, J. L., & Rapee, R. M. (2000). Issues in the diagnosis and assessment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 453-478.
Seligman, L. D., Ollendick, T. H., Langley, A. K., & Baldacci, H. B. (2004). The utility of measures of child and adolescent anxiety:A meta-analytic review of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale, the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children, and the Child Behavior Checklist. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 33, 557-565.
Sellbom, M., & Tellegen, A. (2019). Factor analysis in psychological assessment research: Common pitfalls and recommendations. Psychological Assessment, 31, 1428-1441.
Shin, Y. M., Park, J. H., & Cho, S. M. (2006). Predictors of self-reported depression in Korean children 9 to 12 years of age. The Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 11, 643-654.
Song, D. H., Ha, E. H., Oh, W. J., Ko, K. B., & Lew, Y. M. (2008). Effect of cognitive-behavioral treatment in children with anxiety disorder: A preliminary study. Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 19, 182-189.
Topolski, T. D., Hewitt, J. K., Eaves, L. J., Silberg, J. L., Meyer, J. M., Rutter, M., . . . Simonoff, E. (1997). Genetic and environmental influences on child reports of manifest anxiety and symptoms of separation anxiety and overanxious disorders: A communitybased twin study. Behavior Genetics, 27, 15-28.
Turgeon, L., & Chartrand, É. (2003). Reliability and validity of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in a French-Canadian sample. Psychological Assessment, 15, 378.
Tyc, V. L., Mulhern, R. K., Jayawardene, D., & Fairclough, D. (1995). Chemotherapy-induced nausea and emesis in pediatric cancer patients: An analysis of coping strategies. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 10, 338-347.
van der Ende, J., Verhulst, F. C., & Tiemeier, H. (2012). Agreement of informants on emotional and behavioral problems from childhood to adulthood. Psychological Assessment, 24, 293-300.
Vasa, R. A., Carlino, A. R., & Pine, D. S. (2006). Pharmacotherapy of depressed children and adolescents: Current issues and potential directions. Biological Psychiatry, 59, 1021-1028.
Vasey, M. W., & Lonigan, C. J. (2000). Considering the clinical utility of performance-based measures of childhood anxiety. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 29, 493-508.
Velting, O. N., Setzer, N. J., & Albano, A. M. (2004). Update on and advances in assessment and cognitive-behavioral treatment of anxiety disorders in children and adolescents. Professional Psychology:Research and Practice, 35, 42.
Weger, M., & Sandi, C. (2018). High anxiety trait: A vulnerable phenotype for stress-induced depression. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 87, 27-37.
Whitmore, M. J., Kim-Spoon, J., & Ollendick, T. H. (2014). Generalized anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder in youth: Are they distinguishable? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 45, 456-463.
Wilson, D., Chibaiwa, D., Majoni, C., Masukume, C., & Nkoma, E. (1990). Reliability and factorial validity of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale in Zimbabwe. Personality and Individual Differences, 11, 365-369.
Wolk, C. B., Kendall, P. C., & Beidas, R. S. (2015). Cognitive-behavioral therapy for child anxiety confers long-term protection from suicidality. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 54, 175-179.
Wu, L. M., Liu, Y., Chen, H. M., Tseng, H. C., & Lin, W. T. (2016). Psychometric properties of the RCMAS-2 in pediatric cancer patients. European Journal of Oncology Nursing, 20, 36-41.
Wu, L. M., Sheen, J. M., Shu, H. L., Chang, S. C., & Hsiao, C. C. (2013). Predictors of anxiety and resilience in adolescents undergoing cancer treatment. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 69, 158-166.
Zhu, Q., & Lowe, P. A. (2018). Examination of the psychometric properties of the Revised Children’s Manifest Anxiety Scale–Second Edition scores among Chinese secondary school students. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 36, 725-735.