open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
E-ISSN : 2733-4538
Social anxiety is an emotion characterized by the fear of other people’s negative evaluation and a fear of being observed. The purpose of this study was to investigate the cognitive bias of gaze perception in social anxiety and facial cluster stimulation. For 100 university students, the degrees of social anxiety and depression were measured using self-report questionnaires followed by conducting computer-based task through which participants repeated a series of trials to determine if eight people's eyes, presented over 500ms, were generally looking straight at them. The respective facial stimulations showed joy, anger, and a neutral emotion, and the front and side were presented in seven ratios (1:7, 2:6, 3:5, 4:4, 5:3, 6:2, 7:1). The responses were used to calculate a point of subjective equality (PSE) at which participants generally considered themselves to be looked at by others by a curve fitting a cumulative normal distribution function. A correlation analysis conducted to identify the relationship between the level of social anxiety and subjective equivalence showed a significant negative correlation between the two. This trend was maintained even when depression was statistically controlled. In particular, the correlation coefficient was greater for anger and neutral expressions, suggesting that the higher the level of social anxiety, the greater the tendency to judge others as looking at oneself, and that this tendency is more pronounced when the stimulus is neutral or angry.
Akechi, H., Senju, A., Uibo, H., Kikuchi, Y., Hasegawa, T., & Hietanen, J. K. (2013). Attention to eye contact in the West and East: Autonomic responses and evaluative ratings. PloS One, 8, e59312.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Publishing.
Argyle, M., & Cook, M. (1976). Gaze and mutual gaze. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Baron-Cohen, S. (1995). Mindblindness: An essay on autism and theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Bolt, O. C., Ehlers, A., & Clark, D. M. (2014). Faces in a crowd: High socially anxious individuals estimate that more people are looking at them than low socially anxious individuals. PLoS ONE, 9, e106400.
Bögels, S. M., Alden, L., Beidel, D. C., Clark, L. A., Pine, D. S., Stein, M. B., & Voncken, M. (2010). Social anxiety disorder: Questions and answers for the DSM‐V. Depress and Anxiety, 27, 168-189.
Boyers, G. B., Broman-Fulks, J. J., Valentiner, D. P., McCraw, K., Curtin, L., & Michael, K. D. (2017). The latent structure of social anxiety disorder and the performance only specifier: A taxometric analysis. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 46, 507-521.
Butler, G. (1985). Exposure as a treatment for social phobia: Some instructive difficulties. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 23, 651-657.
Canvin, L. K., Janecka, M., & Clark, D. M. (2016). Focussing attention on oneself increases the perception of being observed by others. Journal of Experimental Psychopathology, 7, 160-171.
Choi, B. H. (2007). Cognitive-behavioral group therapy for social phobia: Basic mechanisms and clinical strategies. Seoul, Korea:Sigma Press.
Chon, K. K., Choi, S. C., & Yang, B. C. (2001). Integrated adaptation of CES-D in Korea. Korean Journal of Health Psychology, 6, 59-76.
Clark, D. M., & Wells, A. (1995). A cognitive model of social phobia. In R. G. Heimberg, M. Liebowitz, D. Hope & F. Schneier (Eds.), Social phobia: Diagnosis, assessment, and treatment (pp. 69-93). New York, NY: Guilford.
Davidson, R. J. (2004). Well-being and affective style: Neural substrates and biobehavioural correlates. Philosophical Transactions-Royal Society of London Series B Biological Sciences, 359, 1395-1412.
Davidson, R. J., & Hugdahl, K. (1995). Brain asymmetry. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Douilliez, C., Yzerbyt, V., Gilboa-Schechtman, E., & Philippot, P. (2012). Social anxiety biases the evaluation of facial displays: Evidence from single face and multi-facial stimuli. Cognition and Emotion, 26, 1107-1115.
Driver, J., Davis, G., Ricciardelli, P., Kidd, P., Maxwell, E., & Baron-Cohen, S. (1999). Gaze perception triggers reflexive visuospatial orienting. Visual Cognition, 6, 509-540.
Emery, N. J. (2000). The eyes have it: The neuroethology, function and evolution of social gaze. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 24, 581-604.
Gamer, M., & Hecht, H. (2007). Are you looking at me? Measuring the cone of gaze. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 33, 705-715.
Glazier, B. L., & Alden, L. E. (2019). Social anxiety disorder and memory for positive feedback. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 128, 228-233.
Harbort, J., Spiegel, J., Witthöft, M., Hecht, H. (2017). The effects of social pressure and emotional expression on the cone of gaze in patients with social anxiety disorder. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 55, 16-24.
Harbort, J., Witthöft, M., Spiegel, J., Nick, K., & Hecht, H. (2013). The widening of the gaze cone in patients with social anxiety disorder and its normalization after CBT. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 51, 359-367.
Harmon-Jones, E., & Segilman, J. (2001). State anger and prefrontal brain activity: Evidence that insult-related relative left-prefrontal activation is associated with experienced anger and aggression. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 80, 797-803.
Heuer, K., Rinck, M., & Becker, E. S. (2007). Avoidance of emotional facial expressions in social anxiety: The approach–avoidance task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45, 2990-3001.
Kim, H. S. (2001). Memory bias in subtypes of social phobia. (Unpublished master’s thesis). Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
Kim, S., Yoon, H. Y., & Kwon, J. H. (2013). Validation of short form of the Korean Social Interaction Anxiety Scale (K-SIAS) and the Korean Social Phobia Scale (K-SPS). Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 13, 511-535.
Leary, M. R. (1983). A brief version of the fear of negative evaluation scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 9, 371-375.
Lee, I. A., & Preacher, K. J. (2013). Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common [Computer software]. Retrieved from http://quantpsy. org/corrtest/corrtest2.htm
Lee, G. Y., Baek, J., & Yang, J. W. (2020). Statistical representation of facial emotion in social anxiety. Cognitive Behavior Therapy in Korea, 20, 71-90.
Lee, J. Y., & Choi, C. H. (1997). A study of the reliability and the validity of the Korean versions of Social Phobia Scales (K-SAD, K-FNE). Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 16, 251-264.
Lobmaier, J., & Perrett, D. (2011). The world smiles at me: Self-referential positivity bias when interpreting direction of attention. Cognition and Emotion, 25, 334-341.
Lobmaier, J., Tiddeman, B., & Perrett, D. (2008). Emotional expression modulates perceived gaze direction. Emotion, 8, 573-577.
Macmillan, N. A., & Creelman, C. D. (2005). Detection theory: A user’s guide (2nd ed.). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
McCabe, S. B., & Gotlib, I. H. (1995). Selective attention and clinical depression: Performance on a deployment-of-attention task. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 104, 241-245.
Mattick, R. P., & Clarke, J. C. (1998). Development and validation of measures of social phobia scrutiny fear and social interaction anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 455-470.
Marks, I. M. (1969). Fears and phobias. New York, NY: Academic Press.
Marsh, A. A., Ambady, N., & Kleck, R. E. (2005). The effects of fear and anger facial expressions on approach-and avoidance-related behaviors. Emotion, 5, 119-124.
Moukheiber, A., Rautureau, G., Perez-Diaz, F., Soussignan, R., Dubal, S., Jouvent, R., & Pelissolo, A. (2010). Gaze avoidance in social phobia: Objective measure and correlates. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 147-151.
Nichols, K. A. (1974). Severe social anxiety. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 47, 301-306.
Ohayon, M. M., & Schatzberg, A. F. (2010). Social phobia and depression:Prevalence and comorbidity. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 68, 235-243.
Park, J. Y., Oh, J. M., Kim, S. Y., Lee, M., Lee, C., Kim, B. R., . . . An, S. K. (2011). Korean Facial Expressions of Emotion (KOFEE). Seoul, Korea: Section of Affect & Neuroscience, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine.
Pinto-Gouveia, J., Cunha, M. I., & do Céu Salvador, M. (2003). Assessment of social phobia by self-report questionnaires: The social interaction and performance anxiety and avoidance scale and the social phobia safety behaviours scale. Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy, 31, 291-311.
Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1, 385-401.
Rapee, R. M., & Heimberg, R. G. (1997). A cognitive-behavioral model of anxiety in social phobia. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35, 741-756.
Roelofs, K., Putman, P., Schouten, S., Lange, W. G., Volman, I., &Rinck, M. (2010). Gaze direction differentially affects avoidance tendencies to happy and angry faces in socially anxious individuals. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 48, 290-294.
Ruscio, A. M. (2010). The latent structure of social anxiety disorder:Consequences of shifting to a dimensional diagnosis. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 119, 662-671.
Ruscio, A. M., Brown, T. A., Chiu, W. T., Sareen, J., Stein, M. B., &Kessler, R. C. (2008). Social fears and social phobia in the USA:Results from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication. Psychological Medicine, 38, 15-28.
Schulze, L., Lobmaier, J. S., Arnold, M., & Renneberg, B. (2013). All eyes on me?! Social anxiety and self-directed perception of eye gaze. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 1305-1313.
Senju, A., Hasegawa, T., & Tojo, Y. (2005). Does perceived direct gaze boost detection in adults and children with and without autism? The stare-in-the-crowd effect revisited. Visual Cognition, 12, 1474-1496.
Steiger, J. H. (1980). Tests for comparing elements of a correlation matrix. Psychological Bulletin, 87, 245-251.
Stein, D. J., Lim, C. C., Roest, A. M., De Jonge, P., Aguilar-Gaxiola, S., Al-Hamzawi, A., . . . Scott, K. M. (2017). The cross-national epidemiology of social anxiety disorder: Data from the World Mental Health Survey Initiative. BMC Medicine, 15, 143.
Symons, L. A., Lee, K., Cedrone, C. C., & Nishimura, M. (2004). What are you looking at? Acuity for triadic eye gaze. The Journal of General Psychology, 131, 451-469.
Thompson, S. J., Foulsham, T., Leekam, S. R., & Jones, C. R. (2019). Attention to the face is characterised by a difficult to inhibit first fixation to the eyes. Acta Psychologica, 193, 229-238.
Uono, S., & Hietanen, J. K. (2015). Eye contact perception in the West and East: A cross-cultural study. Plos One, 10, e0118094.
Watson, D., & Friend, R. (1969). Measurement of social-evaluative anxiety. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 33, 448-457.
Weeks, J. W., Howell, A. N., & Goldin, P. R. (2013). Gaze avoidance in social anxiety disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 30, 749-756.
Wilson, J. K., & Rapee, R. M. (2005). The interpretation of negative social events in social phobia with versus without comorbid mood disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 19, 245-274.
Yang, J. W., Yoon, K. L., Chong, S. C., & Oh, K. J. (2013). Accurate but pathological: Social anxiety and ensemble coding of emotion. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 37, 572-578.
Yoon, K. L., & Zinbarg, R. E. (2008). Interpreting neutral faces as threatening is a default mode for socially anxious individuals. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117, 680-685.