본 연구는 표준화 집단의 자료를 통해 K-WAIS-IV의 단축형 검사를 제시한 최아영 등(2014)의 연구 결과를 환자 집단에서 적용하여 임상적 유용성을 확인하기 위한 목적으로 시행되었다. 이를 위해 정신건강의학과를 방문한 환자 687명의 K-WAIS-IV 전체 검사 결과를 단축형에 적용하였다. 단축형 A와 B는 최아영 등(2014)이 제안한 소검사와 회귀식을 그대로 적용한 것으로, 각각 2개 소검사(산수, 상식)와 4개 소검사(산수, 상식, 행렬, 기호)로 구성되었다. 타당도 검증 결과, 본 연구의 참가자 전체 집단에서 단축형 A와 B 모두 타당하지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 단축형 검사의 실질적인 유용성을 확인하기 위해 지능 수준별로 집단을 분류하여 단축형 검사를 적용한 결과에서도 타당하지 않았고, 특히 지능이 낮은 집단에 단축형 A를 적용할 경우, 진단 일치율이 상당히 낮은 것으로 확인되었다. 또, 불안장애, 우울장애, 신경인지장애, 정신병적 장애, 정신 지체 등 진단 기준별로 단축형을 적용했을 때에도 모두 타당하지 않은 것으로 확인 되었다. 본 연구의 함의와 한계, 추후 연구 방향 제시와 더불어 단축형 검사 도구 사용에 대한 임상가들의 신중하고 보다 보수적인 자세를 제안하였다.
This study examined the psychometric properties, including validity, of the K-WAIS-IV short forms (SFs) proposed by Choe et al. (2014) when applied to psychiatric patients. The SF A and B are the two subsets (arithmetic, information) and four subsets (arithemetic, information, matrix reasoning, coding) that were introduced by Choe et al. (2014). The results of the validity test indicated that both SF A and B were not valid for the entire study group. In order to confirm the practical usefulness of the SF test, the group was classified by intelligence level; the SF test was applied, but it was not valid. Further, the diagnostic concordance rate was especially low when SF A was applied to the group with low intelligence. In addition, the SFs were not appropriate when administered for each diagnostic criterion such as anxiety disorder, depressive disorder, neurocognitive disorder, psychotic disorder, and mental retardation. The implications and limitations of the study, as well as suggestions for future research, were discussed, and cautious and more conservative attitude of clinicians toward the use of SF tools was also discussed.
구민제, 오상우, 이상열, 백영석, 이지혜, 황규식 (2016). 한국 웩슬러 아동 지능검사-4판(K-WISC-IV)에서 일반능력 지표 (GAI) 의 임상적 유용성: 주의력결핍 과잉행동장애 아동을 대상으로. 대한소아청소년정신의학회, 27(4), 313-318.
남덕현, 이한별, 김지혜, 황순택, 홍상황 (2016). 양극성장애 환자의 K-WAIS-IV 프로파일 분석. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35(2), 393- 410.
서리나, 성기혜, 김지혜, 황순택, 박광배, 최진영, 홍상황 (2014). 조현병 환자의 K-WAIS-IV 프로파일. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(4), 719-734.
송지준 (2013). 논문작성에 필요한 SPSS/ AMOS 통계분석방법. 파주: 21세기사.
염태호, 박영숙, 오경자, 김정규, 이영호 (1992). K-WAIS 실시요강. 서울: 한국 가이던스.
임혜진, 이병욱, 송정은, 이유나 (2018). 정신건강의학과 외래 환자의 임상 심리학적 평가 프로파일. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 37(2), 199-212.
전영순, 황순택, 이숙희 (2008). 한국 웩슬러 아동 지능검사(K-WISC-III) 단축형의 타당도. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 27(1), 277-290.
전용신, 서봉연, 이창우 (1963). KWIS 실시요강. 서울: 중앙교육연구소, 55-86.
정다희, 고승희, 김종훈, 강승걸, 배승민, 강재명 (2017). 뇌외상 환자에서 K-WAIS-IV 단축형 활용의 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 임상심리 연구와 실제, 3(1), 23-45.
최아영, 황순택, 김지혜, 박광배, 최진영, 홍상황 (2014). K-WAIS-IV 단축형의 타당도. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 33(2), 413-428.
황규식, 오상우 (2017). K-WISC-IV 단축형의 타당도. Korean Journal of Clinical Psychology, 36(3), 381-390.
황순택, 김지혜, 박광배, 최진영, 홍상황 (2012a). K-WAIS-IV 표준화-신뢰도와 타당도. 한국심리학회 학술대회자료집, 2012(1), 140- 140.
황순택, 김지혜, 박광배, 최진영, 홍상황 (2012b). K-WAIS-IV 한국판 웩슬러 성인용 지능검사 4판: 실시 및 채점. 대구: 한국심리주식회사.
American Psychiatric Association. (1994) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-IV. 4th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
American Psychiatric Association. (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5. 5th ed. Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Benton, A. (1992). Clinical neuropsychology: 1960-1990. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 14(3), 407-417.
Bulzacka, E., Meyers, J. E., Boyer, L., Le Gloahec, T., Fond, G., Szöke, A., . . . Schürhoff, F. (2016). WAIS-IV seven-subtest short form: validity and clinical use in schizophrenia. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology, 31(8), 915-925.
Christensen, B. K., Girad, T. A., & Bagby, R. M. (2007). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-short form for index and IQ scores in a psychiatric population. Psychological Assessment, 19(2), 236.
Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological bulletin, 112(1), 155.
Doppelt, J. E. (1956). Estimating the full scale score on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale from scores on four subjects. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 20(1), 63.
Donders, J., & Axelrod, B. N. (2002). Two-subtest estimations of WAIS-III factor index scores. Psychological Assessment, 14(3), 360.
Eisman, E. J., Dies, R. R., Finn, S. E., Eyde, L. D., Kay, G. G., Kubiszyn, T. W., ... & Moreland, K. L. (2000). Problems and limitations in using psychological assessment in the contemporary health care delivery system. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 31(2), 131-140.
Fan, H. Z., Zhu, J. J., Wang, J., Cui, J. F., Chen, N., Yao, J., ... & Zou, Y. Z. (2018). Four-subtest index-based short form of WAIS-IV: Psychometric properties and clinical utility. Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. Retrieved from http://lps3.doi.org.libproxy.snu. ac.kr/10.1093/arclin/acy016.
Girard, T. A., Axelrod, B. N., Patel, R., & Crawford, J. R. (2015). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-IV dyads for estimating global intelligence. Assessment, 22(4), 441-448.
Harrison, P. L., Kaufman, A. S., Hickman, J. A., & Kaufman, N. L. (1988). A survey of tests used for adult assessment. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 6(3), 188-198.
Haynes, J. P., & Atkinson, D. (1983). Validity of two WPPSI short forms in outpatient clinic settings. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 39(6), 961-964.
Kaufman, J. C., & Kaufman, A. S. (2001). Time for the changing of the guard: A farewell to short forms of intelligence tests. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 19(3), 245-267.
Kaufman, A. S., & Lichtenberger, E. O. (2005). Assessing adolescent and adult intelligence. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.
Knowles, E. E. M., David, A. S., & Reichenberg, A. (2010). Processing speed deficits in schizophrenia: reexamining the evidence. American Journal of Psychiatry, 167(7), 828-835.
Levy, P. (1968). Short-form tests: A methodological review. Psychological Bulletin, 69(6), 410.
Lindau, M., & Najström,M.(2016,September). Predictive accuracy of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, forth ed.,(WAIS-IV) seven-and four-subtest short form models in estimating full scale IQ (FSIQ) and its indices in a Swedish non-clinical sample. Paper presented at the 4th Global Experts Meeting on Neuropharmacology, San Antonio, USA.
Meyers, J. E., Zellinger, M. M., Kockler, T., Wagner, M., & Miller, R. M. (2013). A validated seven-subtest short form for the WAIS-IV. Applied Neuropsychology: Adult, 20(4), 249-256.
Ministry of Health and Welfare (2015). Criteria for the degree of disability. Seoul: Ministery of Health and Welfare.
Piotrowski, C. (1999). Assessment practices in the era of managed care: Current status and future directions. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 55(7), 787-796.
Rensnick, R. J., & Entin, A. D. (1971). Is an abbreviated form of the WISC valid for Afro-Americans children?. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 36(1), 97-99.
Rund, B. R., & Borg, N. E. (1999). Cognitive deficits and cognitive training in schizophrenic patients: a review. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 100(2), 85-95.
Ryan, J. J., & Rosenberg, S. J. (1984). Administration time estimates for WAIS-R subtests and short forms in a clinical sample. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 2(2), 125-129.
Schopp, L. H., Herrman, T. D., Johnstone, B., Callahan, C. D., & Roudebush, I. S. (2001). Two abbreviated versions of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-III: Validation among persons with traumatic brain injury. Rehabilitation Psychology, 46(3), 279-287.
Silverstein, A. B. (1971). A corrected formula for assessing the validity of WAIS, WISC, and WPPSI short forms. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 45, 1162-1163.
Silverstein, A. B. (1982). Factor structure of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50(5), 661.
Thompson, A. P., LoBello, S. G., Atkinson, L., Chisholm, V., & Ryan, J. J. (2004). Brief Intelligence Testing in Australia, Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35(3), 286.
Úbeda Cano, R., Tomás Martínez, P., Dasí Vivó, C., Ruiz Ruiz, J. C., & Fuentes Durá, I. (2017). Forma abreviada de la WAIS-IV: estudio piloto en pacientes con esquizofrenia. International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy, 17(1), 77-86.
Ward, L. C. (1990). Prediction of verbal, performance, and full scale IQs from seven subtests of the WAIS-R. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 46(4), 436-440.
Wechsler, D. (2008). Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Fourth Edition (WAIS–IV). Bloomington, MN: Pearson.
Wechsler, D. (2012). Korean-Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale IV (K-WAIS-IV) (Hwang et al., Trans.). Daegu: Korea Psychology Co.
