E-ISSN : 2733-4538
This study examined memory for anxiety and threat words in individuals exhibiting high and low levels of anxiety. Based on the theory of Cognitive Avoidance, it was hypothesized that highly-anxious participants would show impaired memory for threat-related words. To compare the activation and elaboration processing bias for threatening words and to investigate the selective effects of these information processes, not only in regard to threat-related words but for words referring to uncertainty, were included. Although anxious individuals have a tendency to interpret uncertain cues as threats, compared to threatening cues, uncertain cues are less intimidating so it was assumed that uncertain words would have a lower potential to cause cognitive avoidance. High anxious (n=44) and low anxious (n=44) participants, who had been screened from university students, conducted a free recall and recognition task on neutral, threatening, and uncertain words. Results indicated that the high anxious group recognized significantly less threatening words than the low anxious group. Further, the high anxious group also recognized significantly less neutral and threatening words than uncertain words whereas the low anxious group showed no difference with respect to word type. These results suggest that anxious individuals respond sensitively to both threat and uncertain cues in the initial stages of information processing (activation phase), but selectively inhibit later stage processing (elaboration phase) on threat cues only.
곽은희, 최정훈 (1989). 불안집단의 편파적 인지성향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 8(1), 42-51.
권석만 (1995). 정신병리와 인지 Ⅰ: 정서장애를 중심으로. 한국심리학회 95 동계심리학 연구 세미나 자료집.
김경미, 이도준 (2010). 자기 참조적 출처 기억에서의 자기 긍정 편향. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 24(1), 47-61.
김진관 (1998). 사회 불안이 타인의 평가에 대한 판단 및 기억에 미치는 영향. 연세대학교 석사학위 논문.
김한샘 (2005). 현대 국어 사용 빈도 조사 2. 국립국어원.
배금예, 김영환 (1997). 불안과 우울이 암묵기억과 외현기억에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 119-132.
육성필, 김중술 (1997). 한국판 Beck Anxiety Inventory의 임상적 연구: 환자군과 비환자군의 비교. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(1), 185-197.
이관용 (1991). 우리말 범주규준 조사: 본보기 산출빈도, 전형성, 그리고 세부적 특징 조사. 한국심리학회지: 실험 및 인지, 3, 131-160.
장석진 (2003). 걱정: 그 경계와 인지․성격적 특성 이해. 경희대학교 수원캠퍼스 학생생활연구, 8, 165-178.
하현욱, 윤가현 (1995). 연령 및 교육수준에 따른 회상 및 재인 검사에서의 기억수행 차이. 한국노년학회지, 15(2), 84-96.
Bar-Haim, Y., Lamy, D., Pergamin, L., Bakermans -Kranenburg, M. J., & van IJzendoorn, M. H. (2007). Threat-related attentional biases in anxious and non-anxious individuals: A meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 1-24.
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (1985). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective. New York: Basic Books.
Beck, A. T., Epstein, N., Brown, G., & Steer, R. A. (1988). An Inventory for Measuring Clinical Anxiety: Psychometric Properties. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 56(6), 893-897.
Beck, A. T., Rush, A. J., Shaw, B. F., & Emery, G. (1979). Cognitive therapy of depression. NY: Guilford Press.
Beck, A. T. & Steer, R. A. (1990). Manual for the Beck anxiety inventory. San Antonio, TX: Psychological Corporation.
Becker, E. S., Roth, W. T., Andrich, M., & Margraf, J. (1999). Explicit memory bias in anxiety disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 108, 153-163.
Borkovec, T. D., Ray, W. J., & Stober, J. (1998). Worry: a cognitive phenomenon intimately linked to affective, physiological, and interpersonal behavioral process. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 22, 561-576.
Bradley, B. P. & Mathews, A. (1983). Negative self-schemata in clinical depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 22, 173-181.
Bradley, B. P., Mogg, K., & Williams, R. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory for emotion-congruent information in clinical depression and anxiety, Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 755-770.
Brainerd, C. J., Stein, L. M., Silveira, R. A., Rohenkohl, G., & Reyna, V. F. (2008). How does negative emotion cause false memories? Psychological Science, 19(9), 919-925.
Coles, M. E. & Heimberg, R. G. (2002). Memory biases in the anxiety disorders: current status. Clinical Psychology Review, 22, 587-627.
Coles, M. E., Turk, C. L., & Heimberg, R. G. (2007). Memory Bias for Threat in Generalized Anxiety Disorder: The Potential Importance of Stimulus Relevance. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy, 36(2), 65-73.
DiNardo, P. A., Brown, T. A., & Barlow, D. H. (1994). Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule for DSM-IV: Lifetime Version (ADIS-IV-L). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
Dugas, M. J., Hedayati, M., Karavidas, A., Buhr, K., Francis, K., & Phillips, N. A. (2005). Intolerance of Uncertainty and Information Processing: Evidence of Biased Recall and Interpretations. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 29, 57-70.
Eysenck, A. W. & Byrne, A. (1994). Implicit memory bias, explicit memory bias and anxiety. Cognition and Emotion, 8, 415-431.
Eysenck, M. W., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1987). Cognitive functioning in anxiety. Psychological Research, 49, 189-195.
Foa, E. G. & Kozak, M. J. (1986). Emotional processing and fear: Exposure to corrective information. Psychological Bulletin, 99, 20-35.
Freeston, M. H., Rheaume, J., Letarte, H., Dugas, M. J., & Ladouceur, R. (1994). Why do people worry? Personality and Individual Differences, 17, 791-802.
Friedman, B. H., Thayer, J. F., & Borkovec, T. D. (2000). Explicit memory bias for threat words in generalized anxiety disorder. Behavior Therapy, 31, 745-756.
Graf, P. & Mander, G. (1984). Activation makes words more accessible, but not necessarily more retrievable. Journal of verbal learning and verbal behavior, 23(5), 553-568.
Graf, P. & Schacter, D. L. (1985). Implicit and explicit memory for new associations in normal and amnesic subjects. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 11(3), 501-518.
Greco, V., & Roger, D. (2001). Coping with uncertainty: the construction and validation of a new measure. Personality and Individual Differences, 31, 519-534.
Koster, E. H. W., Fox, E., & MacLeod, C. (2009). Introduction to the Special Section on Cognitive Bias Modification in Emotional Disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 118(1), 1-4.
Kwon, S. M. (1992) Differential roles of dysfunctional attitudes and automatic thoughts in depression: an integrated cognitive model of depression.. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Queensland, Australia, 1992.
Laugusen, N., Dugas, M. J., & Bukowski, W. M. (2003). Understanding adolescent worry: the application of a cognitive model. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 31, 55-64.
MacLeod, C., Mathews, A., & Tana, P. (1986). Attentional bias in emotional disorders. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 95, 15-20.
MacLeod, C. & McLaughlin, K. (1995). Implicit and explicit memory bias in anxiety: A conceptual replication. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 33, 1-14.
Mansell, W., Clark, D. M., Ehlers, A., & Chen, Y. (1999). Social anxiety and attention away from emotional faces. Cognition and Emotion, 13, 673-690.
Mathews, A. & MacLeod, C. (1986). Discrimination of threat cues without awareness in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 236-240.
Mathews, A., Richard, A., & Eysenck, M. (1989). Interpretation of homophones related to threat in anxiety states. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 98, 31-34.
Mitte, K. (2008). Memory bias for threatening information in anxiety and anxiety disorders: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin, 134(6), 886-911.
Mogg, K. & Bradley, B. P. (1999). Selective attention and anxiety: A cognitive-motivational perspective. In T. Dalgleish & M. Power (Eds.), Handbook of cognition and emotion (pp. 145-170). New York: Wiley.
Mogg, K. & Mathews, A. (1990). Is there a self-referent mood-congruent recall bias in anxiety? Behaviour Research and Therapy, 28, 91-92.
Mogg, K., Mathews, A., Weinman, J. (1987). Memory bias in clinical anxiety. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 96, 94-98.
Posner, M. I. & Snyder, C. R. R. (1975). Attention and cognitive control. In R. L. Solso(Ed.), Information processing in cognition: The Loyola symposium (pp.55-85). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Reidy, J. & Richards, A. (1997). Anxiety and memory: A recall bias for threatening words in high anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 35(6), 531-542.
Snodgrass, J. G., & Corwin, J. (1988). Pragmatics of Measuring Recognition Memory: Applications to dementia and amnesia. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 117, 34-50.
Watts, F. N. & Dalgleish, T. (1991). Memory for phobia-related words in spider phobias. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 313-329.
Watts, F. N., Trezise, L., & Sharrock, R. (1986). Processing of phobic stimuli. British Journal of Clinicla Psychology, 25, 253-261.
Wells, A. & Matthews, G. (1994). Attention and emotion: A clinical perspective. Hove, England: Erlbaum.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1988). Cognitive psychology and emotional disorders. Chichester: Wiley.
Williams, J. M. G., Watts, F. N., MacLeod, C., & Mathews, A. (1997). Cognitive Psychology and Emotional Disorders (2nd ed.). Chichester: Wiley.
Wilson, E. & MacLeod, C. (2003). Contrasting two accounts of anxiety-linked attentional bias: Selective attention to varying levels of stimulus threat intensity. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112, 212-218.