바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Emotional Abuse, Neglect, and Personality Disorders: Mediating Role of Alexithymia

Abstract

In this paper, the relationships between childhood abuse(emotional abuse and neglect), alexithymia, and personality were examined. Participants were 649 university students. The Childhood Abuse Questionnaire, The Korean Alexithymia Scale, and The Korean Personality Disorders Test were administered. The results are summarized as follows: 1) Emaotional abuse and neglect were associated with alexithymia and personality disorders(paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, and borderline, avoidant, and dependent); 2) Alexithymia had a mediating effect on the relationship between childhood abuse and personality disorders(paranoid, schizoid, schizotypal, antisocial, borderline, avoidant, and dependent). These results suggest that childhood emotional abuse and neglect are risk factors for alexithymia and personality disorders. The meaning and limitations of this study and suggestions for further studies are discussed.

keywords
emotional abuse, neglect, alexithymia, personality disorder., 정서적 학대, 방임, 성격장애, 감정표현불능증

Reference

1.

고성혜 (1992). 아동학대 개념규정 및 아동학대에 대한 모, 자녀의 지각형성. 서울대학교 박사학위 청구논문.

2.

김은경 (2009). 청소년의 피학대경험이 내적통제성과 공감능력을 매개로 학교적응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 22(1), 37-56.

3.

김은경, 이정숙 (2009). 아동의 학대경험이 정서와 인지적 편향을 매개로 우울과 공격성에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 22(3), 1-18.

4.

남순현, 임소영 (2006). 부모의 언어학대와 양육태도가 청소년기 심리사회적 적응에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 25(4), 953-967.

5.

남순현, 최희경 (2006). 신체학대, 공격성 및 아동기 비행간의 관계: 모녀를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(4), 897-908.

6.

라영선, 현명호, 차성이, 윤선영 (2010). 아동기 어머니의 정서적 학대와 복합 외상후 스트레스 증상 및 용서의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 29(1), 21-34.

7.

박 경 (2005). 청소년의 아동기 학대경험과 자살사고간의 관계에서 문제해결과 사회적 지지의 중재효과. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 2(2), 131-147.

8.

서재삼, 황순택 (2006). 한국형 성격장애 진단검사의 개발과 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 25(1), 273-288.

9.

신현균, 원호택 (1997). 한국판 감정표현 불능증 척도 개발 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 219-231.

10.

신혜영, 최해림 (2003). 부모로부터의 학대경험과 공격성 및 대인불안간의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 15(2), 295-307.

11.

이정숙, 김은경 (2007). 청소년의 학대경험이 수치심과 부모화에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 19(2), 339-356.

12.

이주성 (2004). 아동기 피학대 경험이 폭력행동에 미치는 영향. 고려대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.

13.

이태준, 권정혜 (2007). 피학대 청소년의 학교생활적응에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 26(2), 377-389.

14.

전철은, 현명호 (2003). 심리적 피학대 여성의 수치심, 죄책감 및 사회적 지지가 외상후 스트레스 장애에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 22(4), 763-776.

15.

황순택 (1995). 전형성 평정에 의한 성격장애 진단준거 개발. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위 청구논문.

16.

APA (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. (4th edition). Washington D.C: American Psychiatric Association.

17.

Afifi, T. O., Mather, A., Boman, J., Fleisher, W., Enns, M. W., MacMillan, H., & Sareen, J. (2011). Childhood adversity and personality disorders: reseult from a nationally representative population-based study. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 45, 814-822.

18.

Bach, M., de Zwaan, M., Ackard, D., Nutzinger, D. O., & Mitchell, J. E. (1994). Alexithymia: relationship to personality disorders. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 35, 239-243.

19.

Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994a). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-I. Item selection and cross-validation of the factor structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Resarch, 38(1), 23-32.

20.

Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D., & Taylor, G. J. (1994b). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale-Ⅱ. Convergent, discriminant, and concurrent validity. Journal of Psychosomatic Resarch, 38(1), 33-40.

21.

Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A.(1986). The moderate-mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1173-1182.

22.

Berenbaum, H. (1996). Childhood abuse, alexithymia and personality disorder. Journal of Psychomatic Research, 41(6), 585-595.

23.

Berenbaum, H., Thompson, R. J., Milanak, M. E., Boden, M. T., & Bredemeier, K. (2008). Psychological trauma and schizotypal personality disorder. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 117(3), 502-519.

24.

Bouchard, M.-A., Targer, M., Lecours, S., Fonagy, P., Tremblay, L.-M., Schachter, A., & Stein, H. (2008). Mentalization in adult attachment narratives: reflective functioning, mental state, and affect elaboration compared. Psychoanalytic Psychology, 25(1), 47-66.

25.

Briere, J. & Runtz, M. (1990). Differential adult symptomatology associated with three types of child abuse histories. Child Abuse & Neglect, 14, 357-364.

26.

Bierer, L. M., Yehuda, R., Schmeidler, J., Mitropoulou, V., New A. S., Silverman, S. M., & Siever, L. J. (2003). Abuse and neglect in childhood: relationship to personality disorder diagnoses. CNS Spectraums, 8, 737- 754.

27.

Case, B. G., Biel, M. G., Peselow, E. D., & Guardino, M. (2007). Releability of personality disorder diagnosis during depression: the contribution of collateral informant reports. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 115, 487-491.

28.

Choi-Kain, L. W. & Gunderson, J. G. (2008). Mentalization: ontogeny, assessment and application in the treatment of borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psyhiatry, 165, 1127-1135.

29.

Dimaggio, G., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Nicolò, G., Popolo, R., Semerari, A., Carcione, A., & Lysaker, P. H. (2007). Poor metacognition in narcissistic and avoidant personality disorders: analysis of four psychotherapy patients. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 14, 386-401.

30.

Gibb, B. E. (2002). Childhood maltreatment and negative cognitive styles. A quantitative and qualitative review. Clinical Psychology Review, 22(2), 223-246.

31.

Goldsmith R. E., & Freyd, J. J. (2005). Effects of emotional abuse in family and work environment. Journal of Emotional Abuse, 5(1), 95-123.

32.

Grabe, H. J., Spitzer, C., & Freyberger, H. J. (2004). The relationship between alexithymia, personality and psychopathology, American Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 1299-1301

33.

Hendryx, M. S., Haviland, M. G., & Shaw, D. G. (1991). Dimensions of alexithymia and their relationships to anxiety and depression. Journal of Personality Assessment, 56(2), 227-237.

34.

Honkalampi, K., Hintikka, J., Antikainen, R., Lehtonen, J., & Viinamaki, H. (2001). Alexithymia in patients with major depressive disorder and comorbid cluster C personality disorder: A 6-month follow-up study. Journal of Personality Disorders, 15(3), 245-254.

35.

Johson, J. G., Cohen, P., Brown, J., Smailes, E. M., & Bernstein D. P. (1999). Childhood maltreatment increases risk for personality disorders during early adulthood: findings of a community-based longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry, 56, 600-606.

36.

Johson, J. G., Cohen, P., Chen, H., Kasen, S. & Brook, J. S. (2006). Parenting behaviors associated with risk for offspring personality disorder during adulthood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 63, 579-587.

37.

Johson, J. G., Cohen, P., Smailes, E. M., Skodol, A. E., Brown, J., & Oldham, J. M. (2001). Childhood verbal abuse and risk for personality disorders during adolescence and early adulthood. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 42, 16-23.

38.

Kemp, C. H., Silverman, F. N., Steele, B. F., Droegemueller, W., & Silver, H. K. (1962). The battered-child syndrome. Journal of the American Medical Association, 181(1), 17-24.

39.

Kool, S. S., Dekker, J. J., Duljsens, I. J., de Jonghe, F. F., & Puite, B. B. (2003). Changes in personality pathology after pharmacotherapy and combined therapy for depressed patients. Journal of Personality disorder, 17(1), 60-72.

40.

Kim, J., Talbot, N. L., & Cicchetti, D. (2009). Childhood abuse and current interpersonal conflict: the role of shame. Child Abuse & Neglect, 33, 362-371.

41.

Krause, E. D., Mendelson, T., & Lynch, T. R. (2003). Childhood emotional invalidation and adult psychological distress: the mediating role of emotional inhibition. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 199-213.

42.

Luminet, O., Bagby, R. M., & Taylor, G. J. (2001). An evaluation of the absolute and relative stability of alexithymia in patients with major depression. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 70, 254-260.

43.

Moeller, T. P., Bachmann, G. A., & Moeller, J. R. (1993). The combined effects of physical sexual and emotional abuse during childhood: long-term consequences for women. Child Abuse & Neglect, 17, 623-640.

44.

Mullen, P. E., Martin, J. L., Anderson, J. C., Romans, S. E., & Herbison, G. P. (1996). The long-term impact of the physical, emotional, and sexual abuse of children: A community study. Child Abuse & Neglect, 20, 7-21.

45.

Pereda N, Jiménez-Padilla R, Gallardo-Pujol D. (2011). Personality disorders in child sexual abuse victims. Actas españolas de psiquiatría, 39(2), 131-139.

46.

Powers, A. D., Thomas, K. M., Ressler, K. J. & Bradley, B. (2010). The deffential effects of child abuse and posttraumatic stress disorder on schizotypal personality disorder. Comprehensive Psychiatry, Retreived August 04, 2010, from http://elsevier.com/locate/comppsych.

47.

Rich, D. J., Gingerich, K. J., & Rosen, L. A. (1997). Childhood emotional abuse and associated psychopathy in college students. Journal of College Student Psychotherapy, 11, 13- 28.

48.

Saarijärvi, S., Salminen, J. K., & Toikka, T. B. (2001). Alexithymia and depression A 1-year follow-up study in outpatients with major depression. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 51, 729-733.

49.

Sackett, L. A., & Saunders, D. G. (1999). The impact of differents of psychological abuse on battered women. Violence and Victims, 14, 105- 117.

50.

Semerari, A., Carcione, A., Dimaggio, G., Falcone, M., Nicolò, G., Procacci, M.,& Alleva, G. (2003). How to evaluate metacognitive funtioning in psychotherapy? The metacognition assessment scale and its applications. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 10, 238-261.

51.

Sifneos, P. E. (1972). Short-Term Psychotherapy and Emotional Crisis. Combrige, Mass, Harvad University Press.

52.

Smith, C. A., Ireland, T. O., & Thornberry, T. P. (2005). Adolescent maltreatment and its impact on young adult antisocial behavior. Child Abuse & Neglect, 29(10), 1099-1119.

53.

Spertus, I. L., Yehuda, R., Wong, C. M., Hallingan, S., & Seremetis, S. V. (2003). Childhood emotional abuse and neglect as predictors of psychological and physical symptoms in women presenting to a primary care practice. Child Abuse & Neglect, 27, 1247- 1258.

54.

Spitzer, C., Siebel-Jürgers, U., Barnow, S., Grabe, H. J., & Freyberger, H. J. (2005). Alexithymia and interpersonal problems. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 74, 240-246.

55.

Szur, R. (1987). Emotional abuse and neglect. In P. Maher(ed.), Child Abuse: The Educational Perspective. Oxford: Blackwell.

56.

Taylor, G. J., Bagby, R. M., & Parker, J. D. A. (1997). Disorders of affect regulation. Alexithymia in medical and psychiatric illness. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

57.

Tyrka, A. R., Wyche, M. C., Kelly, M. M, Prcie, L. H., & Carpenter, L. L. (2009). Childhood maltreatment and adult personality disorder symptoms: Influence of maltreatment type. Psychiatry Research, 165, 281-287.

58.

van der Kolk, B. A., & Fisler, R. E. (1994). Childhood abuse & neglect and loss of self-regulation. Bulletin of Menninger Clinic, 58, 145-168.

59.

Vanheule, S., Desmet, M., Meganck, R., Bogaerts, S. (2007). Alexithymia and interpersonal problems. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 63, 109-117.

60.

Wise, T. N., Mann, L. S., & Hill, B. (1990). Alexithymia and depressed mood in the psychiatric patient. Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 54(1), 26-31.

61.

Yehuda, R., Halligan, S. L., & Grossman, R. (2001). Childhood trauma and risk for PTSD: relationship to intergenerational effects of trauma, parental PTSD and cortisol excretion. Development and Psychopathology, 27, 733-753.

logo