E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The purpose of this study was to examine the role of self-compassion during adaptive self-regulation for negative events. It has been suggested that self-compassion acts as a buffer for negative events. The aim of this study was to explore the relationships between self-compassion and the contingencies of self-worth, stability of self-esteem, and cognitive and emotional responses to negative events. Study 1 was designed to explore the relationships among self-compassion, self-esteem, the contingencies of self-worth, and the stability of self-esteem. Data were collected from 289 undergraduate students. The results showed that a higher self-compassion score was related to a lower contingency of self-worth scores and higher scores for stability of self-esteem. In addition, this effect was greater than in those with self-esteem. In Study 2, perceived failure was induced by an impossible task and changes in emotions, self-related cognition, and the heart rate before and after the impossible tasks were measured. The results showed that higher self-compassion was related to lower degrees of negative emotional changes. The degree of changes in self-related cognition was not associated with self-compassion. In addition, greater self-esteem was related to greater changes in negative emotions and self-related cognition. Last, the contribution of this study to an integrative understanding of the process of self-compassion as it affects mental health was discussed. Limitations and suggestions for future research were also presented.
권석만, 한수정 (2000). 자기애성 성격장애. 서울: 학지사.
김경의, 이금단, 조용래, 채숙희, 이우경 (2008). 한국판 자기-자비척도의 타당화 연구: 대학생을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 13(4), 1023-1044.
김송이 (2012). 대학생의 스트레스와 주관적 안녕감의 관계에서 자기자비의 매개효과. 홍익대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
도례미 (2006). 자기애와 조건부 자아존중감 관계 연구: 자기 기만적 고양을 통제변인으로. 연세대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
박세란, 이훈진 (2013). 자존감, 자기자비와 심리적 건강의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 32(1), 123-139.
박승진, 최혜라, 이훈진 (2011). 성취 지향적. 관계 지향적 우울성향자의 암묵적.명시적 자존감. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 30(1), 305-323.
유연화, 이신혜, 조용래 (2010). 자기 자비, 생활 스트레스, 사회적 지지와 심리적 증상들의 관계. 인지행동치료, 10, 43-59.
이수란, 이동귀 (2008). 자존감의 영역별 수반성과 자기 평가 간 불일치가 정신건강에미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 20(2), 313-335.
이신혜, 조용래 (2014). 자기 자비의 부족이 여자 청소년의 폭식행동에 미치는 영향과그 기제: 신체 불만족, 섭식절제 및 부적정서의 매개효과. 인지행동치료, 14(1), 103-121.
이우경 (2008). 중년기 여성의 스트레스, 마음챙김, 자기-慈愛, 정서적 안녕감 간의 관계 구조 분석과 마음챙김 증진 프로그램의 효과연구. 이화여자대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
이훈진, 원호택 (1995). 편집증적 경향, 자기개념, 자의식간의 관계에 대한 탐색적 연구. 한국심리학회 ‘95 연차대회 학술발표논문집, 277-290.
장재원, 신희천 (2011). 자존감의 안정성 척도개발 및 타당화. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 23(3), 635-654.
전민 (2012). 청소년의 스트레스가 자살사고에미치는 영향에서 자기자비의 조절효과. 아주대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
정보라 (2005). 사회적 바람직성의 구인 탐색. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
정 욱, 한규석 (2003). 한국사회에서의 자아존중감의 기능: 비교문화적 관점. 한국심리학회 ‘03 연차학술발표대회 논문집.
Alicke, M. D., & Govorun, O. (2005). The better-than-average effect. In M. D. Alicke, D. A. Dunning & J. I. Krueger (Eds.), The Self in Social Judgment (pp. 85-106). New York: Psychological Press.
Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. Fiske & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., pp. 680-740). New York: McGraw-Hill.
Baumeister, R. F., Campbell, J. D., Kreuger, J. I., & Vohs, K. D. (2003). Does high self-esteem cause better performance, interpersonal success, happiness, or healthier life style? Psychological Science in the Public Interest, 4, 1-44.
Birnie, K., Speca, M., & Carlson, L. E. (2010). Exploring self-compassion and empathy in the context of mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR). Stress and Health, 26(5), 359-371.
Booth-Kewley, S., Rosenfeld, P., & Edwards, J. E.(1992). Impression management and self-deceptive enhancement among Hispanic and non-Hispanic White navy recruits. Journal of Social Psychology, 132(3), 323-329.
Branden, N. (1992). The Power of Self-Esteem. Deerfield Beach, FL: Health Communications.
Buhrmester, M. D., Blanton, H., & Swann, W. B.(2011). Implicit self-esteem: Nature, measurement, and a new way forward. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 100(2), 365-385.
Cohen, J. Cohen, P., West, S. G., & Aiken, L. S.(2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral science. Mahwah NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Cooley, C. H. (1972). The looking glass self. In J. Manis & A. Meltzer (Eds.), Symbolic interaction (pp. 231-233). Boston: Allyn & Bacon.
Coopersmith, S. (1967). The antecedents of self-esteem. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman.
Crocker, J. (2002). The costs of seeking self-esteem. Journal of Social Issues, 58(3), 597-615.
Crocker, J., Luhtanen, R. K., Cooper, M. L., & Bouvrette, A. (2003). Contingencies of self-worth in college students: Theory and measurement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(5), 894-908.
Crocker, J., & Park, L. E. (2004). The costly pursuit of self-esteem. Psychological Bulletin, 130(3), 392-414.
Crocker, J., & Wolfe, C. T. (2001). Contingencies of self-worth. Psychological Review, 108(3), 593-623.
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (1995). Human autonomy: The basis for true self-esteem. In M. H. Kernis (Ed.). Efficacy, Agency, and Self-Esteem (pp. 31-49). New-York: Plenum Press.
De Houwer, J. (2002). The Implicit Association Test as a tool for studying dysfunctional associations in psychopathology: Strengths and limitations. Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 33(2), 115-133.
Dijksterhuis, A. J., Albers, L. W., & Bongers, K. C, (2008). Digging for the real attitude:Lessons from research on implicit and explicit self-esteem. In R. E. Petty, R. H. Fazio, & P. Brinol (Eds.), Attitudes: Insights from the new implicit measures (pp. 229-250). New York:Psychology Press.
Ellis, A. (2001). Rational and irrational aspects of countertransference. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 57(8), 999-1004.
Ellis, A. (2005). The myth of self-esteem. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books.
Germer, C. K. (2009). The mindful path to self-compassion: Feeling yourself from destructive thoughts and emotions. New York: The Guilford Press.
Gilbert, P. (2010). Compassion focused therapy. London & NY: Routlege. (조현주, 박성현 역.《자비중심치료》. 서울: 학지사, 2014).
Gilbert, P., Proctor, S. (2006). Compassionate mind training for people with high shame and self-criticism: overview and pilot study of a group therapy approach. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy. 13(6), 353-379.
Goldstein, J., & Kornfield, J. (1987). Seeking the heart of wisdom. Boston: Shambhala.
Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R., (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102(1), 4-27.
Greenwald, A. G., Fahnham S. D. (2000). Using the implicit association test to measure self-esteem and self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(6), 1022-1038.
Greenwald, A. G., McGhee, D. E., & Schwartz, J. L. K. (1998). Measuring individual differences in implicit cognition: The implicit association test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(6), 1464-1840.
Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R.(2003). Understanding and using the Implicit Association Test: I. An improved scoring algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85(2), 197-216.
Harter, S. (1999). The construction of the self: A developmental perspective. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hayes, S. C., Strosahl, K., & Wilson, K. G.(1999). Acceptance and commitment therapy: An experiential approach to behavior change. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hiroto, D. S., & Seligman, M. E. (1975). Generality of learned helplessness in man. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31(2), 311-327.
James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology, Vol. 1. New York: Henry Holt & Co.
Kernis, M. H. (2003). Optimal self-esteem and authenticity: Separating fantasy from reality. Psychological Inquiry, 14(1), 83-89.
Kernis, M. H. (2005). Measuring Self-esteem in context: The importance of stability of self-esteem in psychological functioning. Journal of Personality, 73(6), 1-37.
Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A. J., & Harlow, T. (1993). There’s more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low:The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65(6), 1190-1204.
Kuyken, W., Watkins, E., Holden, E., White, K., Taylor, R. S., Byford, S. (2010). How does mindfulness-based cognitive therapy work?. Behaviour research and therapy, 48(11), 1105-1112.
Leary, M. R. (2004). The sociometer, self-esteem, and the regulation of interpersonal behavior. In R. F. Baumeister & K. D. Vohs (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation (pp. 373-391). New York: The Guilford Press.
Leary, M. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2000). The nature and function of self-esteem: Sociometer theory. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 32, pp. 1-62). New York: Academic Press.
Leary, M. R., Tate, E. B., Adams, C. E., Allen, B. A., & Hancock, J. (2007). Self-compassion and reactions to unpleasant self-relevant events: The implications of treating oneself kindly. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(5), 887-904.
MacBeth, A., & Gumley A. (2012). Exploring compassion: A meta-analysis of the association between self-compassion and psychopathology. Clinical psychology review, 32(6), 545-552.
Maccines, D. L. (2006). Self-esteem and self-acceptance: an examination into their relationship and their effect on psychological health. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing, 13(5), 483-489.
Marcus, C. (1999). Self-esteem. Boulder, CO:Westview Press
Markus, H., & Wurf, E. (1987). The dynamic self-concept: A social psychological perspective. Annual Review of Psychology, 38(1), 299-337.
Neff, K. D. (2003). The Development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self and Identity, 2(3), 223-250.
Neff, K. D. (2003). Self-compassion: an alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self and Identity, 2(2), 85-102.
Neff, K. D. (2009). The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Human Development, 52(4), 211-214.
Neff, K. D. (2009). Self-compassion. In M. R. Leary & R. H. Hoyle (Eds.), Handbook of individual differences in social behavior (pp. 561-573). New York: The Guilford Press.
Neff, K. D. (2011). Self-compassion, self-esteem, and well-being. Social and Personality Compass. 5(1), 1-12.
Neff, K. D., Hsieh, Y. P., & Dejitthirat, K.(2005). Self-Compassion, achievement goals, and coping with academic failure. Self and Identity, 4(3), 263-287.
Neff, K. D., Kirkpatrick, K. L., & Rude, S. S.(2007). Self-compassion and adaptive psychological functioning. Journal of Research in Personality, 41(1), 139-154.
Neff, K. D., & McGehee, P. (2010). Self-compassion and psychological resilience among adolescents and young adults. Self and Identity, 9(3), 225-240.
Neff, K. D., Pisitsungkagarn, K., & Hseih, Y. (2008). Self-compassion and self-construal in the United States, Thailand, and Taiwan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(3), 267-285.
Olson, M. A., Fazio, R. H., & Hermann, A. D. (2007). Reporting tendencies underlie Discrepancies between implicit and explicit measures of self-esteem. Psychological Science, 18(4), 287-291.
Oosterwegel, A., Field, N., Hart, D., & Anderson, K. (2001). The relation of self-esteem variability to emotion variability, mood, personality traits, and depressive tendencies. Journal of Personality, 69(5), 689-708.
Paulhus, D. L. (1998). Paulhus deception scales:Manual of the balanced inventory of social desirable responding (BIDR-7). Buffalo/Toronto:Multi-Health Systems.
Paulhus, D. L. (2002). Socially desirable responding: The evolution of a construct. In H. I. Braun & D. N. Jackson (Eds.), The role of constructs in psychological and educational measurement (pp. 37-48). Mahwah, NJ:Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Petersen, L. E. (2014). Self-compassion and self-protection strategies: The impact of self-compassion on the use of self-handicapping and sandbagging. Personality and Individual Differences, 56, 133-138.
Raes, F. (2010). Rumination and worry as mediators of the relationship between self-compassion and depression and anxiety. Personality and Individual Differences, 48(6), 757-761.
Raskin, N. J., & Rogers, C. R. (1995). Person centered therapy. In R. J. Corsini & D. Wedding (Eds.), Current Psychotherapies (pp. 128-161). Itasca: F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc.
Roberts, J. E., & Gotlib, I. H. (1997). Temporal variability in global self-esteem and specific self-evaluation as prospective predictors of emotional distress: specificity in predictors and outcome. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 106(4), 521-529.
Rosenfeld, P. (1990). Self-esteem and impression management explanations for self-serving biases. The Journal of Social Psychology, 130(4), 495-500.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and the adolescent child. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Sedikides, C., & Gregg, A. P. (2008). Self-enhancement: Food for thought, Perspective on Psychological Science, 3(2), 102-116.
Shurauger, J. S., & Lund, A. K. (1975). Self-evaluation and reaction to evaluations from others. Journal of Personality, 43(1), 94-108.
Spencer, S. J., Steele, C. M., & Quinn, D. (1999). Stereotype threat and women’s math performance. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 35(1), 4-28.
Swann, W. B., Jr., Wenzlaff, R. M., & Tafarodi, R. W. (1992). Depression and the search for negative evaluations: More evidence of the role of self-verification strivings. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 314-317.
Tesser, A. (2000). On the confluence of self-esteem maintenance mechanisms. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4(4), 290-299.
Thompson, B. L., & Waltz, J. (2008). Self-compassion and PTSD symptoms. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 21(6), 556-558.
Van Dam, N, T., Sheppard, S. C., Forsyth, P., & Earleywine, M. (2011). Self-compassion is a better predictor than mindfulness of symptom severity and quality of life in mixed anxiety and depression. Journal of Anxiety Disorder, 25(1), 123-130.
Zeigler-Hill, V., Besser, A., & King, K. (2011). Contingent self-esteem and anticipated reactions to interpersonal rejection and achievement failure. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 30(10), 1069-1096.