open access
메뉴ISSN : 1229-8778
Although the practice of highly attractive models(HAM) may be effective from a marketing standpoint, physical attractiveness and the “thin ideal” is a very sensitive issue for many women. The self-concepts of many female adolescents stem primarily from their senses of physical attractiveness, and a woman's global self-esteem also seems to be related to her own physical attractiveness. The importance of physical attractiveness prompts many women to compare themselves with the images of physical perfection, thinness, and beauty found in advertising. Researchers have established that some women compare themselves with the idealized images in advertising and that some women who compare themselves with these HAMs may experience negative feelings as a result. This study tries to extract negative emotion in consumer's response about HAMs. Until now, main research findings of advertisement are that HAMs, such as, ultra-thin, beauty, ideal models, have best effects in ads. But there are no effects in many studies, even several studies have negative emotions about HAMs. Therefore, the goal of this study is to extract negative emotions through FGI and depth interviews. As a result, first, consumers have negative emotions, such as envy, jealousy, psychological distance. Second, this negative emotions are not necessary to have no sales amounts. Though consumers have negative emotions, they want to follow or imitate the attractive models to cover psychological costs. An objection to the psychology of envy, jealousy, psychological distance might state that we have taken three common words, envy, jealousy, psychological distance, given them idiosyncratic meaning, and proceeded to weave a general psychology around them. When a person experiences envy, jealousy, psychological distance, these functions are cued to advantage seeking or advantage preservation. To take note of a lack of, or to seek to preserve, advantage in life are prime organismic motives. If we have prime organismic motives, then there might be a psychology reflective of them. Vignette methodology was used that, for the first time, manipulated envy, jealousy, and psychological distance factorially, a technique designed to overcome insensitivity caused by the frequent co-occurrence of those kinds of emotions. This technique also permitted manipulation of these affective states while avoiding any use of their semantic imprecise verbal labels.
권석만 (1997). 인간관계 심리학. 서울, 학지사.
박은아 (2003). 신체존중감이 주관적 안녕감에 미치는 영향에 관한 비교문화 연구: 한국과 미국 여대생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 22(2). 35-56.
윤일기 (2005). 자아존중감 수준에 따른 시기심유발광고의 커뮤니케이션 효과. 중앙대학교 박사학위논문.
정인승, 양주동, 이숭녕 (1976). 한국어대사전, 서울, 현문사
Alicke, M. D., Vredenburg, D. S., Hiatt, M., and O. Govorun (2001). The better than myself effect, Motivation and Emotion, 25, 7–22.
Anderson, Robert (2002). Envy and Jealousy. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 56(4). 455-478.
Bar-Anan, Yoav, Liberman, N. and Yaacov Trope (2006). The association between psychological distance and construal level: evidence from an implicit association test. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 135(4). 609-622
Bar-Anan, Yoav, Liberman, N, Trope, Yaacov, and Daniel Algom (2007). Automatic processing of psychological distance: evidence from a stroop task, Journal of Experimental Psychology, 136(4). 610-622.
Barker, R. L. (1987). The green-eyed marriage: Surviving jealous relationships. New York: Free Press.
Baumgart, H. (1990). Jealousy: Experiences and solutions (M. Jacobson & E. Jacobson, Trans.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Bower, Amanda B. and Stacy Landreth (2001). Is Beauty best? Highly versus normally attractive models in advertising. Journal of Advertising, 30 (1). 1-12.
Bryson, J. B. (1970). Situational determinants of the expression of jealousy. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Psychological Association. San Francisco.
Bringle, R. G., Renner, P., Terry, R. L., & Davis, S. (1983). An analysis of situation and person components of jealousy. Journal of Research in Personality, 17, 354–368.
Buunk, B. P. (1991). Jealousy in close relationships: An exchange-theoretical perspective. In P. Salovey (Ed.). The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp.148–177). New York: Guilford Press.
Caballero, Marjorie J., James R. Lumpkin, and Charles S. Madden (1989). Using physical attractiveness as an advertising tool: An empirical test of the attraction phenomenon. Journal of Advertising Research, 29 (August/September). 16-22.
Caballero, Marjorie J.and Paul J. Solomon (1984). Effects of model attrac- tiveness on sales response. Journal of Advertising, 13(1). 17-23.
Conte, H. R., and Plutchik, R. (1981). A circumplex model for interpersonal personality traits. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 701-711.
Dermer, Marshall and Thiel, Darrel L. (1975). When beauty may fail. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31 (6), 1168-1176.
Dion, Karen, Ellen Berscheid, and Elaine Walster (1972), What Is Beautiful Is Good. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 24 (3), 285-290.
Festinger, Leon (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7 (May). 117-140.
Gibbons, F. X., & Gerrard, M. (1995). Predicting young adults’ health risk behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 505–517.
Goodman, David (1998). Special K Drops thin models for health theme, Marketing News, 32 (5). 8.
Gustafson, Robert, Mark Popovich, and Steven Thomsen (1999). The thin ideal. Marketing News, (March 15). 22.
Hamilton, Kendal (1993). Moss gathers graffiti and perhaps a new pal. Newsweek, (December 13). 65.
Hartz, Arthur J (1996). Psycho-Socionomics: Attractiveness Research from a Societal Perspective, Journal of Social Behavior & Personality, 11(4), 683-694.
Higgins, E. T., N. A. Kuiper, and J. M. Olson (1981). Social cognition: A need to get personal, in social cognition. The Ontario Symposium, Vol. 1, E. G. Higgins, C. P. Herman, and M. P. Zanna, eds., Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 395-420.
Hupka, R. B. (1984). “Jealousy: Compound emotion or label for a particular situation?. Motivation and Emotion, 8, 141–155.
Hupka, R. B.(1991). The motive for the arousal of romantic jealousy: Its cultural origin. In P.Salovey (Ed.), The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp.252-270). New York: Guilford Press.
Irving, Lori M. (1990). Mirror images: Effects of the standard of beauty on the self- and body-esteem of women exhibiting varying levels of bulimic symptoms. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9 (2). 230-242.
Jensen-Campbell, L. A., Graziano, W. G., and West, S. G. (1995). Dominance, prosocial orientation, and female preferences: Do nice guys really finish last? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68, 427-440.
Johnson, M. A. (1989). Variables associated with friendship in an adult population. Journal of Social Psychology, 129, 379-390.
Lerner, Richard M., James B. Orlos, and John R. Knapp (1976). Physical attractiveness, physical effectiveness, and self-concept in late adolescents. Adolescence, 11 (43). 313-326.
Liberman, N, Trope, Y, and Cheryl Wakslak (2007). Construal level theory and consumer behavior, Journal of Consumer Psychology, 17(2). 113–117.
Martin, Mary C. and James W. Gentry (1997). Stuck in the model trap: The effects of beautiful models in ads on female pre-adolescents and adolescents. Journal of Advertising, 26 (2), 1997.
Martin, Mary C. and Patricia F. Kennedy (1993). Advertising and social comparison: Consequences for female pre-adolescents and adolescents. Psychology and Marketing, 10 (November/December), 512-530.
Mathes E. W. (1986). Jealousy and romantic love: A longitudinal study. Psychological Reports, 58, 885–886.
Mathes E. W. , Adams, H. E., & Davies, R. M. (1985). Jealousy: Loss of relationship rewards, loss of self-esteem, depression, anxiety, and anger. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 48, 1552–1561.
McKinley, N. M. and Hyde, J. (1996). The objectifed body consciousness scale: Development and validation. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 20, 191-215.
Neu, J. (1980). Jealous thoughts. In A. O.Rorty (Ed.), Explaining emotions (pp.425-463). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Nozick, R. (1974). Anarchy, state and utopia. New York: Basic Books.
Parrot W. G. (1995). The emotional experiences of envy and jealousy. In The Psychology of Jealousy and Envy (Salovey P. ed.). The Guilford Press, New York, pp.3-30.
Parrot W. G.and Smith, Richard H. (1993). Distinguishing the Experiences of Envy and Jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64(6). pp.906-920.
Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press.
Richins, Marsha L. (1991). Social comparison and the idealized images of advertising. Journal of Consumer Research, 18 (June). 71-83.
Rodin, Judith, Lisa R. Silberstein, and Ruth Striegel-Moore (1985). Women and weight: A normative discontent. in Psychology and Gender, Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, Vol. 32, Theo B. Sonderegger, ed., Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press, 267-307.
Rorty, A. O. (1988). Mind in action: Essays in the philosophy of mind. Boston: Beacon Press.
Salovey, P. and Rodin, J. (1984). Some antecedents and consequences of social-comparison jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 780–792.
Salovey, P. and Rodin, J. (1986). “The differentiation of social-comparison jealousy and romantic jealousy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 50(6). 1100-1112.
Salovey, P. and Rothman, A. J. (1991). Envy and jealousy: Self and society. In P. Salovey (Ed.). The psychology of jealousy and envy (pp.271-286). New York: Guilford Press.
Schoeck, H. (1969). Envy: A theory of social behavior. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World.
Smith, R. H. (1991). Envy and the sense of injustice. In P.Salovey (Ed.). The psychology of jealousy and envy(pp.79-99). New York: Guilford Press.
Smith, R. H., Diener, E., and Garonzik, R. (1990). The roles of outcome satisfaction and comparison alternatives in envy. British Journal of Social Psychology, 29, 247-255.
Smith, R. H., Parrott, W. G., & Diener, E. (1991). Development and validation of a scale for measuring enviousness. Manuscript submitted for publication.
Silver, M., & Sabini, J. (1978a). The perception of envy. Social Psychology Quarterly, 41, 105-117.
Silver, M. & Sabini, J. (1978b). The social construction of envy. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 8, 313–332.
Spielman, P. M. (1971). Envy and jealousy: An attempt at clarification. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 40, 59-82.
Spitzack, C. (1990). Confessing excess: Women and the ploitics of body reduction. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Striegel-Moore, Ruth H., Lisa R. Silberstein, and Judith Rodin (1986). Toward an understanding of risk factors for bulimia. American Psychologist, 41 (3). 246-263.
Taylor, S. E., Buunk, B. P., & Aspinwall, L. G. (1990). Social comparison, stress, and coping. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 16, 74-89.
Taylor, S. E., Wood, J. V., & Lichtman, R. R. (1983). It could be worse: Selective evaluation as a response to victimization. Journal of Social Issues, 39, 19–40.
Tesser, A., Millar, M., and J. Moore (1988). Some affective consequences of social comparison and reflection processes: The pain and pleasure of being close. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 49–61.
Tolor, Alexander (1970). Psychological distance in disturbed and normal adults. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 26(2). 160-162
White, G. L. (1981a). Jealousy and partner's perceived motive for attraction to a rival. Social Psychology Quarterly, 44, 24-30.
White, G. L. (1981b). Some correlates of romantic jealousy. Journal Personality, 49, 129-147.
White, G. L., & Mullen, P. E. (1989). Jealousy: Theory, research, and clinical strategies. New York: Guilford Press.
Wood, Joanne V. (1989). Theory and research concerning social comparisons of personal attributes. Psychological Bulletin, 106 (2). 231-248