Influence of Insecure Attachment on Career Decision Making for College Students: Based on the Mediating Effect of Emotional Difficulties
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to identity mediating effect of emotional difficulties on the associationbetween insecure attachment and career indecision and career decision making self-efficacy. For this, a totalof 190 undergraduates were asked to complete the questionnaires that measuring adult attachment, careerdecision scale, career decision making self-efficacy, emotional difficulties(trait anxiety and trait pessimism,state anxiety and state pessimism). The data was analyzed using SPSS 18.0 and SPSS Macro. The mainfindings are as follows. First, there was a full mediation effect of state anxiety and state pessimism onrelationship between attachment anxiety and career indecision. However, there was indirect-only mediationeffect of state pessimism on relationship between attachment avoidance and career indecision. Second,relationship between insecure attachment(attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and career decisionmaking self-efficacy was full mediated by trait anxiety and state pessimism. Third, there was an significantdifferences in the career indecision, career decision making self-efficacy, state anxiety, trait anxiety andstate pessimism according to the differential adult attachment style. These findings contribute to theunderstanding of the path between adult attachment and career development and highlight the importantrole of emotional difficulties in the process of career decision making problems.
- keywords
- 성인애착, 진로결정수준, 진로결정 자기효능감, 불안, 비관주의, 매개효과, insecure attachment, career indecision, career decision making self-efficacy, anxiety, pessimism, mediating effect
Reference
고향자 (1992). 한국 대학생의 의사결정유형과진로결정수준의 분석 및 진로결정상담의 효과. 숙명여자대학교 박사학위논문.
김영근, 강민철, 조아라, 이윤희 (2011). 대학생의 애착, 진로결정 자기효능감, 진로미결정의 관계에서 심리적 독립과 우유부단의조절효과. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 23(4), 995-1016.
민경희 (2012). 대학생용 정서, 성격적 진로문제(EPCD) 척도 타당화 연구. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위논문.
박수길, 이영희 (2002). 한국대학생의 진로결정수준에 영향을 미치는 가족변인과 개인변인에 관한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및심리치료, 14(1), 141-160.
서강대학교 학생생활상담연구소 (2008). 2007학년도 재학생 실태조사 연구. 서강대학교학생상담연구소: 서강상담연구, 1, 21-44.
서울대학교 대학생활문화원 (2010). 효과적인대학교육 정책 수립을 위한 대학생활 의견 조사 보고서: 2009년 8월 및 2010년 2월 대학 졸업예정자를 대상으로. 서울: 성루대학교 대학생활문화원.
서울대학교 학생생활연구소 (2011). 서울대학교신입생 특성 조사 보고서. 서울대학교 학생생활연구소.
서진희, 이제경 (2009). 부모진로행동이 중학생자녀의 진로결정 자기효능감과 진로성숙에 미치는 영향. 상담학연구, 10(4), 2153-2167.
숙명여자대학교 학생생활상담소 (2011). 2011학년도 신입생 실태 조사. 숙명여자대학교학생생활상담소.
양승민 (2003). 대학생이 지각한 가족 상호작용양식과 진로결정 자기효능감 간의 관계. 연세대학교 석사학위논문.
연세대학교 상담센터 (2011). 2011학년도 재학생 실태 조사. 연세대학교 상담센터.
유성경, 유정이 (2000). 집단주의-개인주의 성향과 상담에 대한 태도와의 관계. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 12(2), 19-32.
이은경 (2001). 자기효능감이 진로발달에 미치는영향. 이화여자대학교 박사학위논문.
이은진 (2001). 다재다능한 대학생을 위한 진로집단 상담 프로그램의 효과. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위 논문.
임정선 (2007). 한국과 독일 성인의 애착유형에 대한 비교연구. 한국심리학회지: 상담및 심리치료, 19(2), 239-254.
장석진 (2005). 대학생의 애착과 진로의사결정수준 및 진로결정 자기효능감의 관계. 학생생활연구, 19, 91-115.
정애경, 김계현, 김동민 (2008). 진로미결정 및진로 관련 변인에 관한 국내연구 메타분석. 상담학연구, 9(2), 551-564.
한광희, 양은주, 최송미 (2001). 신입생의 진로의식에 대한 태도 연구. 연세상담연구, 19, 3-18.
한덕웅, 이창호, 탁진국 (1993). Spielberger 상태-특성 불안 검사의 표준화. 성균관대학교학생지도연구, 10, 214-222.
Ainsworth, M. D. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. The American Psychologist, 44, 709-716.
Bandura, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change. Psychological Review, 84(2), 191-215.
Bandura, A. (1986). Social foundations of thought and action: A social cognitive theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Bartholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
Betz, N. E., & Voyten, K. K. (1997). Efficacy and outcome expectations influence career exploration and decidedness. The Career Development Quarterly, 46(2), 179-189.
Betz, N. E., Klein, K. L., & Taylor, K. M. (1996). Evaluation of a short form of the career decision-making self-efficacy scale. Journal of Career Assessment, 4(1), 47-57.
Blustein, D. L., Devenis, L. E., & Kidney, B. A. (1989). Relationship between the identity formation process and career development. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(2), 196-202.
Blustein, D. L., Prezioso, M. S., & Schultheiss, D. P. (1995). Attachment theory and career development: Current status and future directions. The Counseling Psychologist, 23, 416-432.
Blustein, D. L., Walbridge, M. M., Friedlander, M. L., & Palladino, D. E. (1991). Contributions of psychological separation and parental attachment to the career development process. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38(1), 39-50.
Bowlby (1982). Attachment and loss (2nd ed.). Attachment, Vol. 1, 1982. New York: Basic Books.
Braunstein-Bercovitz, H., Benjamin, B. A., Asor, S., & Lev, M. (2012). Insecure attachment and career indecision: Mediating effects of anxiety and pessimism. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 81, 236-244.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self report measurement of adult attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson, & W. S. Rholes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationship. (pp.46-76)New York: Guilford press.
Brown, S. D., & Rector, C. C. (2008). Conceptualizing and diagnosing problems in vocational decision making. In S. D. Brown, & R. W. Lent (Eds.), Handbook of counseling psychology (pp.392-407). (4th ed.). New York:Wiley.
Campagna, C. G., & Curtis, G. J. (2007). So worried I don't know what to be: Anxiety is associated with increased career indecision and reduced career certainty. Australian Journal of Guidance and Counselling, 17, 91-96.
Chartrand, J. M., Rose, M. L., Elliott, T. R., Marmarosh, C., & Caldwell, S. (1993). Peeling back the onion: Personality, problem solving, and career decision-making style correlates of career indecision. Journal of Career Assessment, 1(1), 66-82.
Constantine, M. G., & Flores, L. Y. (2006). Psychological distress, perceived family conflict, and career development issues in college students of color. Journal of Career Assessment, 14(3), 354-369.
Cook, W. L. (2000). Understanding attachment security in family context. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(2), 285-294.
Corkin, D., Arbona, C., Coleman, N., & Ramirez, R. (2008). Dimensions of career indecision among Puerto Rican college students. Journal of College Student Development, 49, 81-94.
Crites, J. O. (1981). Career counseling: Models, methods, and materials. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Downing, H. M., & Nauta, M. M. (2010). Separation-individuation, exploration, and identity diffusion as mediators of the relationship between attachment and career indecision. Journal of Career Development, 36(3), 207-227.
Fraley, R. C., Waller, N. G., & Brennan, K. A. (2000). An item response theory analysis of self-report measures of adult attachment. Journal of personality and social psychology, 78(2), 350-365.
Fuqua, D. R., Newman, J. N., & Seaworth, B. S. (1988). Relation of state and trait anxiety to different components of career indecision. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 154-158.
Gaffner, D. C., & Hazler, R. J. (2002). Factors related to indecisiveness and career indecision in undecided college students. Journal of College Student Development, 43, 317-326.
Gati, I., Gadassi, R., Saka, N., Hadadi, Y., Ansenberg, N., Friedman, R., et al. (2011). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career decision-making difficulties: Facets of career indecisiveness. Journal of Career Assessment, 19, 3-20.
Gati, I., Krausz, M., & Osipow, S. H. (1996). A taxonomy of difficulties in career decision making. Journal of counseling psychology, 43(4), 510-526.
Gianakos, I. (1999). Patterns of career choice and career decision-making self-efficacy. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 54(2), 244-258.
Hackett, G., & Betz, N. E. (1981). A self-efficacy approach to the career development of women. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 18(3), 326-339.
Hannah, L. K., & Robinson, L. F. (1990). Survey report: How colleges help freshmen select courses and careers. Journal of Career Planning and Employment, 1(4), 53-57.
Hartung, P. J., & Blustein, D. L. (2002). Reason, Intuition, and Social Justice: Elaborating on Parsons's Career Decision-Making Model. Journal of Counseling & Development, 80(1), 41-47.
Hazan, C., & Shaver, P. R. (1990). Love and work: An attachment-theoretical perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(2), 270-280.
Isaacowitz, D. M. (2001). Optimism and subjective well-being in adulthood and old age.
Kelly, K. R. & Lee, W. C. (2002). Mapping the Domain of career decision problem. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 61, 302-326.
Kelly, K. R. (1993). The relation of gender and academic achievement to career self-efficacy and interests. Gifted Child Quarterly, 37(2), 59-64.
Kenny, M. E. (1987). The extent and function of parental attachment among first-year college students. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 16(1), 17-29.
Kidd, J. M. (2004). Emotion in career contexts:Challenges for theory and research. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 64(3), 441-454.
Lapsley, D. K., Rice, K. G., & Shadid, G. E. (1989). Psychological separation and adjustment to college. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 36(3), 286.
Larson, L. M., Heppner, P. P., Ham, T., & Dugan, K. (1988). Investigating multiple subtypes of career indecision through cluster analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 35, 439-446.
Lent, R. W., & Hackett, G. (1987). Career self-efficacy: Empirical status and future directions. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 30(3), 347-382.
Leong, F. T. L., & Chou, E. L. (1994). The role of ethnic identity and acculturation in the vocational behavior of Asian Americans: An integrative review. Journal of Vacational Behavior, 44, 155-172.
Lopez, F. G., & Andrews, S. (1987). Career indecision: A family systems perspective. Journal of Counseling and Development, 65, 304-307.
Lounsbury, J. W., Moffitt, L., Gibson, L. W., Drost, A. W., & Stevens, M. (2007). An investigation of personality traits in relation to job and career satisfaction of information technology professionals. Journal of Information technology, 22(2), 174-183.
Lounsbury, J. W., Steel, R. P., Gibson, L. W., & Drost, A. W. (2008). Personality traits and career satisfaction of human resource professionals. Human Resource Development International, 11(4), 351-366.
Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separationindividuation, and college student adjustment:A structural equation analysis of mediational effects. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51, 213-225.
Mattanah, J. F., Lopez, F. G., & Govern, J. M. (2011). The contributions of parental attachment bonds to college student development and adjustment: A meta-analytic review. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 565-596.
Meyer, B. W., & Winer, J. L. (1993). The Career decision scale and neuroticism. Journal of Career Assessment, 1, 171-180.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2007). Attachment in adulthood: Structure, dynamics, and change. New York: Guilford Press.
Mitchell, L. K., & Krumboltz, J. D. (1984). Research on human decision making:Implications for career decision making and counseling. Handbook of Counseling Psychology, 238-280.
Multon, K. D., Heppner, M. J., Gysbers, N. C., Zook, C., & Ellis-Kalton, C. A. (2001). Client psychological distress: An important factor in career counseling. The Career Development Quarterly, 49(4), 324-335.
Newman, J. L., Fuqua, D. R., & Minger, C. (1990). Further evidence for the use of career subtypes in defining career status. Career Development Quarterly, 39, 178-188.
O'Brien, K. M., Friedman, S. M., Tipton, L. C., & Linn, S. G. (2000). Attachment, separation, and women's vocational development: A longitudinal analysis. The Journal of Psychology, 47, 301-315.
Osipow, S. H., Carney, C. G. & Barak, A. (1976). A scale of educational-vocational undecidedness: A typological approach. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 9, 233-243.
Overbeek, G., Vollebergh, W., Engels, R., & Meeus, W. (2003). Parental attachment and romantic relationships: Associations with emotional disturbance during late adolescence. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 28-39.
Parsons, F. (1909/1967). Choosing a vocation. New York: Agathon Press.
Phillips, S. D. (1994). Choice and change: Convergence from the decision-making perspective.
Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and resampling strategies for assessing and comparing indirect effects in multiple mediator models. Behavior Research Methods, 40(3), 879-891.
Rottinghaus, P. J., Jenkins, N., & Jantzer, A. M. (2009). Relation of depression and affectivity to career decision status and self-efficacy in college students. Journal of Career Assessment, 17, 271-285.
Saka, N., Gati, I., & Kelly, K. R. (2008). Emotional and personality-related aspects of career decision-making difficulties. Journal of Career Assessment, 16, 403-424.
Santos, P. (2001). Predictors of generalized indecision among Portuguese secondary school students. Journal of Career Assessment, 9, 381-396.
Saunders, D. E., Peterson, G. W., Sampson Jr, J. P., & Reardon, R. C. (2000). Relation of depression and dysfunctional career thinking to career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 56(2), 288-298.
Savickas, M. L. (1993). Career counseling in the postmodern era. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 7(3), 205-215.
Savickas, M. L. (1995). Constructivist counseling for career indecision. Career Development Quarterly, 43(4), 363-373.
Savickas, M. L. (1997). Career Adaptability: An Integrative Construct for Life-Span, Life-Space Theory. The Career Development Quarterly, 45(3), 247-259.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health psychology, 4(3), 219-247.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridger, M. W. (1994). Distinguishing optimism from neuroticism (and trait anxiety, self-mastery, and self-esteem): A reevaluation of the Life Orientation Test. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1063-1078.
Solberg, V. S., Good, G. E., Fischer, A. R., Brown, S. D., & Nord, D. (1995). Career decision-making and career search activities:Relative effects of career search self-efficacy and human agency. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 42(4), 448.
Spielberger, C. D. (1972). Anxiety: Current trends in theory and research: I.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R. L., & Lushene, R. E. (1970). State-trait anxiety inventory: STAI. Consulting Psychologists Press.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R., & Lushene, R. E. (1983). State-trait anxiety inventory (self-evaluation questionnaire) manual. Palo Alto, California: Consulting psychologists Press.
Super, D. E. (1957). The psychology of careers. New York: Harper & Row.
Swanson, J. L., & Fouad, N. A. (1999). Applying Theories of Person‐Environment Fit to the Transition From School to Work. The Career Development Quarterly, 47(4), 337-347.
Tak, J. K., & Lee, K. H. (2003). Development of the Korean Career Indecision Inventory. Journal of Career Assessment, 11.
Taylor, K. M., & Betz, N. E. (1983). Applications of self-efficacy theory to the understanding and treatment of career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 22(1), 63-81.
Tokar, D. M., Withrow, J. R., Hall, R. J., & Moradi, B. (2003). Psychological separation, attachment security, vocational self-concept crystallization, and career indecision: A structural equation analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 50(1), 3-19.
Tracey, T. J. (2007). Moderators of the interest congruence-occupational outcome relation. International Journal for Educational and Vocational Guidance, 7(1), 37-45.
Van Ecke, Y. (2007). Attachment style and dysfunctional career thought: How attachment style can affect the career counseling process. The Career Development Quarterly, 55, 339-350.
Vignoli, E. (2009). Inter-relationships among attachment to mother and father, self esteem and career indecision. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75, 91-99.
Wei, M., Heppner, P. P., Russell, D. W., & Young, S. K. (2006). Maladaptive perfectionism and ineffective coping as mediators between attachment and future depression: A prospective analysis. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 53(1), 67-79.
Wolfe, J. B., & Betz, N. E. (2004). The relationship of attachment variables to career decision-making self-efficacy and fear of commitment. Career Development Quarterly, 52, 363-369.
Zhao, X., Lynch, J. G., & Chen, Q. (2010). Reconsidering Baron and Kenny: Myths and truths about mediation analysis. Journal of Consumer Research, 37(2), 197-206.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations