ISSN : 2287-8327
We investigated the current and potential spatial distributions and habitable areas of Biston robustum and Camellia japonica in South Korea in order to provide useful data for the conservation of C. japonica and minimize the damage caused by B. robustum. It was predicted that, by 2070, although B. robustum would be widely distributed throughout the Korean Peninsula, except for the western and eastern coastal areas, it would be narrowly distributed along the Sokcho-si and Goseong-gun coastlines in Gangwon Province. C. japonica is currently located along the southern coastline but its critical habitable area is predicted to gradually disappear by 2070. Assessment of the potential distribution probabilities of B. robustum and C. japonica revealed that the area under the curve (AUC) values were 0.995 and 0.991, respectively, which indicate high precision and applicability of the model. Major factors influencing the potential distribution of B. robustum included precipitation of wettest quarter and annual precipitation (BIO16 and BIO12), whereas annual mean temperature and mean temperature of wettest quarter (BIO1 and BIO8) were important variables for explaining C. japonica distribution. Overlapping areas of B. robustum and C. japonica were 11,782 km2, 5447 km2, and 870 km2 for the current, 2050-predicted, and 2070-predicted conditions, respectively, clearly showing a dramatic decrease in area. Although it is predicted that B. robustum would cause continuous damage to C. japonica in the southern part of the Korean Peninsula, such impacts might diminish over time and become negligible in the future.
An JS, Choi SW, Kim T, Yang B. 2012. Moth diversity and distribution of Mt. Jirisan national long-term ecological research site. Nature and Ecology, Seoul. (in Korean)
Cultural Heritage Administration of Korea. 2015. Natural monument. http://search.cha.go.kr/srch_new/search/search_top.jsp?home=total&subHome=0&sort=&searchField=&page=1&query=%EB%8F%99%EB%B0%B1%EB%82%98%EB%AC%B4. Accessed 29 April 2015. (in Korean)
Esaki T, Issiki S, Inoue H, Ogata M, Okagaki H, Kuroko H. 1999. Icones Heterocerorum Japonicorum in Coloribus Naturalibus (Moths of Japan in Color Vol. 1). Hoikusha Publishing, Higashiosaka. (in Japanese)
Hijmans RJ, Cameron SE, Parra JL, Jones PG, Jarvis A. 2005. Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. Int J Climatol 25: 1965-1978.
Jiang N, Xue D, Han H. 2011. A review of Biston Leach, 1815 (Lepidoptera, Geometridae, Ennominae) from China, with description of one new species. ZooKeys 139: 45-96.
Korea Adaptation Center for Climate Change. 2015. Korea’s future climate. http://ccas.kei.re. kr/english/menu_1_2.do. Accessed 29 April 2015.
Korea Forest Service. 2015. Climate change and forest. http://www.forest.go.kr/newkfsweb/html/HtmlPage.do?pg=/policy/policy_02010401.html&mn=KFS_03_09_01_04_01. Accessed 29 April 2015. (in Korean)
Korea Forest Service. 2015. Disease and insect pests. http://www.forest.go.kr/newkfsweb/mer/fip/dbhis/selectInsectDetail.do?dbhisIdno=86&dbhisTpcd=20&searchCnd=&searchWrd=&pageIndex=1&orgId=kfs. Accessed 29 April 2015. (in Korean)
Korea Meterological Administration 2015. Climate of Korea-30 years. http://www.kma.go.kr. Accessed 29 April 2015. (in Korean)
Lee SH, Kim SK. 1992. Natural distribution and characteristics of populations of Camellia japonica in Korea. J Korean Soc Hort Sci 33: 196-208.
Lee WC, Yim YJ. 2002. Plant geography with special reference to Korea. Kangwon National University Press, Chuncheon. (in Korean)
Natural History Museum. 2015. Hosts – a Database of the World’s Lepidopteran Hostplants. http://www.nhm.ac.uk/research-curation/research/projects/hostplants/search. Accessed 29 April 2015.
Nelson WA, Bjørnstad ON, Yamanaka T. 2013. Recurrent insect outbreaks caused by temperature-driven changes in system stability. Science 341: 796-799.
Park SC, Kim CY, Wi AJ. 2005. Biology and control of the giant geometrid, Biston robustum Butler, damaging camellia forests in Guomundo Islands. Agric Sci & Tech 40: 21-31.
Phillips SJ, Anderson RP, Schapire RE. 2006. Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecol Model 190: 231-259.
Phillips SJ, Dudik M. 2008. Modeling of species distributions with Maxent: new extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography 31: 161-175.
Shin YH. 2001. Coloured Illustrations of the Moths of Korea. Academy book Publishing, Seoul. (in Korean)
Veblen TT, Hadley KS, Reid MS, Rebertus AJ. 1991. The response of subalpine forests to spruce beetle outbreak in Colorado. Ecology 72: 213-231.