- KOREAN
- P-ISSN2287-8327
- E-ISSN2288-1220
- SCOPUS, KCI
ISSN : 2287-8327
Habitat preference of wild boar (Sus scrofa) for feeding in cool-temperate forests
Abstract
Background: The growing wild boar population has become a social issue and its feeding characteristics could affect the physical condition and the plant species composition in the South Korean forests. We aimed to reveal the preference of the wild boar on forest type and site condition as feeding grounds in two cool-temperate forested national parks, Odaesan and Seoraksan, in order to provide information to manage the growing population. Results: The 75 plots (53.6%) out of 140 plots were used as feeding grounds by the wild boar, implying a considerably large population. Especially, the observation frequency as feeding ground was the highest in Quercus forests (73.3%), and it was significantly more preferred than deciduous forest type (44.2%) and coniferous forest type (32.4%) (χ2 = 17.591, p < 0.001). Significantly more and deeper pits were found in Quercus forests. Moreover, high elevation and gentle slope ridge were relatively preferred regardless of forest distribution. Conclusions: South Korean forests are growing qualitatively and quantitatively. Particularly, Quercus forest area has increased markedly, while coniferous forest area has decreased. Since the Quercus forest provides rich food sources for the wild boar, the enlargement of this forest type is expected to increase the wild boar population. The forests located at high elevations have high species diversity, and it is expected that these forests will be greatly affected by the increase in the wild boar population as preferred feeding grounds.
- keywords
- Diet, Feeding ground, Forest type, Habitat selection, Quercus forest, Rooting
Reference
Abaigar T, Del Barrio G, Vericad J. Habitat preference of wild boar (Sus scrofa L., 1758) in a Mediterranean environment. Indirect evaluation by signs. Mammalia. 1994;58:201–10.
Adhikari P, Shin M, Jeon J, Kim HW, Hong S, Seo C. Potential impact of climate change on the species richness of subalpine plant species in the mountain national parks of South Korea. J Ecol Environ. 2018;42:36.
Ballari SA, Barrios-García MN. A review of wild boar Sus scrofa diet and factors affecting food selection in native and introduced ranges. Mammal Rev. 2014; 44:124–34.
Baubet E, Bonenfant C, Brandt S. Diet of the wild boar in the French Alps. Galemys. 2004;16:101–13.
Bratton SP. The effect of the European wild boar, Sus scrofa, on gray beech forest in the Great Smoky Mountains. Ecology. 1975;56:1356–66.
Bruinderink GG, Hazebroek E. Wild boar (Sus scrofa scrofa L.) rooting and forest regeneration on podzolic soils in the Netherlands. For Ecol Manag. 1996;88: 71–80.
Bueno CG, Alados CL, Gómez-García D, Barrio IC, García-González R. Understanding the main factors in the extent and distribution of wild boar rooting on alpine grasslands. J Zool. 2009;279:195–202.
Bueno CG, Azorín J, Gómez-García D, Alados CL, Badía D. Occurrence and intensity of wild boar disturbances, effects on the physical and chemical soil properties of alpine grasslands. Plant Soil. 2013;373:243–56.
Cahill S, Llimona F, Gràcia J. Spacing and nocturnal activity of wild boar Sus scrofa in a Mediterranean metropolitan park. Wildl Biol. 2003;9:3–13.
Cho S, Kim Y, Choung Y. Distribution and synchronized massive flowering of Sasa borealis in the forests of Korean National Parks. J Ecol Environ. 2018a;42:37.
Cho S, Lee K, Choung Y. Distribution, abundance, and effect on plant species diversity of Sasa borealis in Korean forests. J Ecol Environ. 2018b;42:9.
Choi T, Lee Y, Park C. Home-range of wild boar, Sus scrofa living in the Jirisan National Park, Korea. J Ecol Field Biol. 2006;29:253–7 (in Korean).
Choung Y, Kim Y, Noh J, Cho S, Lee J. Acorn production in Seoraksan and Odaesan National Park. In: KNPRI, editor. Influence of the Asiatic black bear on the forests in Korea. Wonju: KNPRI; 2018. (in Korean).
Choung Y, Lee K. Species ecology of central Korean forest. Seoul: Nature and Ecology; 2019. (in Korean)
Cuevas MF, Novillo A, Campos C, Dacar MA, Ojeda RA. Food habits and impact of rooting behavior of the invasive wild boar, Sus scrofa, in a protected area of the Monte Desert, Argentina. J Arid Environ. 2010;74:1582–5.
Dardaillon M. Seasonal variation in habitat selection and spatial distribution of wild boar (Sus scrofa) in the Camargue, Southern France. Behav Process. 1986;13:251–68.
Focardi S, Capizzi D, Monetti D. Competition for acorns among wild boar (Sus scrofa) and small mammals in a Mediterranean woodland. J Zool. 2000;250:329–34.
Fonseca C. Winter habitat selection by wild boar Sus scrofa in southeastern Poland. Eur J Wildl Res. 2008;54:361–6.
Gallo Orsi U, Sicuro B, Durio P, Canalis L, Mazzoni G, Serzotti E, Chiariglione D. Where and when: the ecological parameters affecting wild boars choice while rooting in grasslands in an alpine valley. J Mountain Ecol. 2014;3:160–4.
Genov P. Food composition of wild boar in north-eastern and western Poland. Acta Theriol. 1981;10:185–205.
Han B, Lee K, Choi J, Yeum J. Characteristics of vegetation distribution according to the growth environment of Odaesan (Mt.) National Park. Pro Korean Soc Environ Ecol Con. 2014;24:21–2 (in Korean).
Hone J. Feral pigs in Namadgi National Park, Australia: dynamics, impacts and management. Biol Conserv. 2002;105:231–42.
Howe TD, Bratton SP. Winter rooting activity of the European wild boar in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. Castanea. 1976;41:256–64.
Ickes K, Dewalt SJ, Appanah S. Effects of native pigs (Sus scrofa) on woody understorey vegetation in a Malaysian lowland rain forest. J Trop Ecol. 2001;17:191–206.
Irizar I, Laskurain NA, Herrero J. Wild boar frugivory in the Atlantic Basque Country. Galemys. 2004;16:125–33.
IUCN. The IUCN red list of threatened species: Sus scrofa. UK: IUCN; 2008.
KFRI. Forest eco-atlas of Korea. Seoul: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2010.
Kim J, Lee S, Yoon J, Park S, Lim S, Choi W, Hwang K, Yoon Y. Evaluation of habitat of endangered species of musk deer using matrix method. Proc Korean Soc Environ Ecol Con. 2018;28:112 (in Korean).
KMA. Annual climatological report. Seoul: Korea Meteorological Administration; 2017. in Korean
KNA. Geography and vegetation of Mt. Jumbong experimental forest. Pocheon: Korea National Arboretum; 2014. in Korean
KNPRI. Ecology of wild boar in Hallyeohaesang and Odaesan National Park. Namwon: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2013. (in Korean)
KNPRI. A survey of the distribution of Sus scrofa in urban national parks. Korea National Park Research Institute: Wonju; 2016. (in Korean)
KNPRI. Management plan of wild boar in Bukhansan National Park. Wonju: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2017. (in Korean)
Kotanen PM. Responses of vegetation to a changing regime of disturbance: effects of feral pigs in a Californian coastal prairie. Ecography. 1995;18:190–9.
Lee AN. GIS analysis of habitat characteristics of Artiodactyla mammals in the Beakdudaegan mountains. Chuncheon: Kangwon National University; 2014. (in Korean)
Lee B, Cho J, Lim S, Kim Y, Kwon G, Lee AN. A survey of the distribution of endangered goral (Naemohedus caudatus) in Odaesan National Park. Pro Kor Soc Env Eco Con. 2011;21:65–8 (in Korean).
Lee DK. Korean forests. Seoul: Korea Forest Research Institute; 2010. (in Korean)
Lee K. Classification of forested vegetation and successional development in the central-eastern Korean Peninsula. Chuncheon: Kangwon National University; 2015. (in Korean)
Lyang D, Lee K. Responses of an herbaceous community to wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus Heude) disturbance in a Quercus mongolica forest at Mt. Jeombong, Korea. J Ecol Environ. 2010;33:205–16.
Ministry of Environment. Harmful wild boar management plan. Incheon: Ministry of Environment; 2010. (in Korean)
NIBR. 2017 wildlife survey. Incheon: Korea Institute of Biological Resources; 2017. (in Korean)
Park C, Lee W. Development of a GIS-based habitat suitability model for wild boar Sus scrofa in the Mt. Baekwoonsan region, Korea. Mammal Study. 2003;28:17–21.
Piroznikow E. The influence of natural and experimental disturbances on emergence and survival of seedlings in an oak-linden-hornbeam (Tilio-Carpinetum) forest. Pol J Ecol. 1998;46:137–56.
Schley L, Roper T. Diet of wild boar Sus scrofa in Western Europe, with particular reference to consumption of agricultural crops. Mammal Rev. 2003;33:43–56.
Shin HM. Diet compositions of Korean wild boar (Sus scrofa coreanus) atMt. Jeombong using non-invasive molecular analysis. Suwon: Ajou University; 2019.
Siemann E, Carrillo JA, Gabler CA, Zipp R, Rogers WE. Experimental test of the impacts of feral hogs on forest dynamics and processes in the southeastern US. For Ecol Manag. 2009;258:546–53.
Singer FJ, Otto DK, Tipton AR, Hable CP. Home ranges, movements, and habitat use of European wild boar in Tennessee. J Wildl Manag. 1981;45:343–53.
Singer FJ, Swank WT, Clebsch EEC. Effects of wild pig rooting in a deciduous forest. J Wildl Manag. 1984;48:464–73.
SPSS. IBM SPSS statistics for windows, version 23.0. Armonk: IBM Corp; 2016.
SRTI. Annual report (2009–2011). Gurye: Species Restoration Technology Institute; 2012. (in Korean)
Taylor RB, Uvalde TX. Seasonal diets and food habits of feral swine. In: Texas Animal Health Commission, editor. Proceedings of the 1999 National Feral Swine Symposium. USA: Texas Animal Health Commission; 1999. p. 58–66.
Virgos E. Factors affecting wild boar (Sus scrofa) occurrence in highly fragmented Mediterranean landscapes. Can J Zool. 2002;80:430–5.
Vittoz P, Hainard P. Impact of free-range pigs on mountain pastures in the Swiss Jura. Appl Veg Sci. 2002;5:247–54.
Welander J. Spatial and temporal dynamics of wild boar (Sus scrofa) rooting in a mosaic landscape. J Zool. 2000;252:263–71.
Wilson DE, Reeder DM. Mammal species of the world: a taxonomic and geographic reference. Baltimore: JHU Press; 2005.
Woo D. A study on ecological characteristics and conservation of yellow-throated marten (Martes flavigula) in temperate forests of Korea. Seoul: Seoul National University; 2014. (in Korean)
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations