E-ISSN : 2733-4538
The present study examined the effects of response styles and essay writing treatments on changes in depressed mood and the contents of essays. The participants were 64 college students, who were divided into either ruminative or reflective response style groups, based on their scores on the Responses to Depressed Mood Questionnaire. All were given false negative feedback about their performance on a vocabulary test to induce a moderately depressed mood. The participants were then randomly assigned to one of two treatment conditions designed either to focus on the negative feedback or to distract from that by writing essays. The results indicated that main effects of both response style and essay writing treatment on improvements in depressed mood were not significant. However, while in the failure experience-focused condition there was no difference in mood improvement between the two response style groups, there was a marginally significant difference in the neutral condition with the ruminative response style group showing greater improvements in depressed mood than the reflective response style group. A content analysis of the essays in the failure experience-focused condition indicated that the reflective response style group showed both problem-solving and positive contents more frequently than the ruminative response style group. While both of the groups produced a high frequency of negative content, the differences in frequency of negative content were not significant. Finally, the limitations and implications of the present study were discussed.
김진영 (2000). 우울한 기분에 대한 두 가지 내부초점적 반응양식: 반추적 반응양식 대 반성적 반응양식. 서울대학교 일반대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
안신호, 이승혜, 권오식 (1993). 정서의 구조: 한국어 정서단어 분석. 한국심리학회지: 사회, 7, 107-123.
이영호 (1999). 한국판 우울 형용사 체크리스트의 신뢰도 및 타당도 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 18, 152-164.
이창환, 윤애선 (2004). 한국어 분석 프로그램(K-LIWC)의 한국어적 특성. 한국인지과학회 춘계학술대회 지능의 이해와 응용, pp. 118-125. 2004년 6월. 연세대학교.
조옥귀 (1993). 우울 취약성과 우울수준, 성격차원 및 부정적 생활 스트레스와의 관계. 중앙대학교 일반대학원 박사학위 청구논문.
Abbott, M. J., & Rapee, R. M. (2004). Post-event rumination and negative self-appraisal in social phobia before and after treatment. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 113, 136-144
Booth, R. J., Petrie, K. J., & Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Changes in circulating lymphocyte numbers following emotional disclosure: Evidence of buffering. Stress Medicine, 13, 23-29.
Gotlib, I. H., & Asarnow, R. F. (1979). Interpersonal and impersonal problem-solving skills in mildly and clinically depressed university students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 47, 86-95.
Hunt, M. G. (1998). The only way out is through: Emotional processing and recovery after a depressing life event. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 36, 361-384.
Ingram, R. E. (1990). Self-focused attention in clinical disorders: Review and a conceptual model. Psychological Bulletin, 107, 156-176.
Ingram, R. E. (2003). Origins of cognitive vulnerability to depression. Cognitive therapy and research, 27, 77-88
Lang, F. R., & Carstensen, L. L. (1994). Close emotional relationships in late life: Further support for proactive aging in the social domain. Psychology and Aging, 9, 315-324.
Lavender, A., & Watkins, E. (2004). Rumination and future thinking in depression. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 43, 129-142.
Lepore, S. J. (1997). Expressive writing moderates the relation between intrusive thoughts and depressive symptoms. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 73, 1030-1037.
Lewinsohn, P. M., Hoberman, H., Teri, L., & Hautzinger, M. (1985). An integrative theory of depression. New York: Academic Press.
Lyubomirsky, S., Caldwell, N. D., & Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1998). Effects of ruminative and distracting responses to depressed mood on retrieval of autobiographical memories. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75, 166-177.
Lyubomirsky, S., Tucker, K. L., Caldwell, N. D., & Berg, K. (1999). Why ruminators are poor problem solvers: Clues from the phenomenology of dysphoric rumination. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 1041-1060.
Mehl, R. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2003). The sounds of social life: A psychometric analysis of students' daily social environments and natural conversation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84, 857-870.
Murray, E. J., & Segal, D. L. (1994). Emotional processing in vocal and written expression of feelings about traumatic experiences. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 7, 391-405.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (1996). Responses to depression and their effects on the duration of depressive episodes. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100, 562-582.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S. (2000). The role of rumination in depressive disorders and mixed anxiety/ depressive symptoms. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 109, 504-511.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Girgus, J. S., & Seligman, M. E. P. (1992). Predictors and consequences of childhood depressive symptoms: A 5-year longitudinal study. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 101, 405-422.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., McBride, A., & Larson, J. (1997). Rumination and psychological distress among bereaved partners. Journal of Personality and social Psychology, 72, 855-862.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Morrow, J., & Fredrickson, B. L. (1993). Responses styles and duration of episodes of depressed mood. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 102, 20-38.
Nolen-Hoeksema, S., Parker, L., & Larson, J. (1994). Ruminative coping with depressed mood following loss. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 92-104.
Papageorgiou, C., & Wells, A. (2003). An Empirical test of a clinical metacognitive model of rumination and depression. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 261-273.
Pennebaker, J. W. (1997). Writing about emotional experiences as a therapeutic process. Psychological Science. 8, 162-166.
Pennebaker, J. W., Colder, M., & Sharp., L. K. (1990). Accelerating the coping process. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 528-537.
Pennebaker, J. W., Francis, M. E., & Booth, R. J. (2001). Linguistic inquiry and word count(LIWC): LIWC 2001. Computerized text analysis program. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.
Pennebaker, J. W., & King, L. A. (1999). Linguistic styles: Language use as an individual difference. Journal of Personality and Social psychology, 77, 1296-1312.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Lee, C. H. (2002). The power of words in social, clinical, and personality psychology. Korean Journal of Thinking and Creativity, 12, 35-44.
Pennebaker, J. W., Mayne, T. J., & Francis, M. E. (1997). Linguistic predictors of adaptive bereavement. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 72, 863-871.
Pennebaker, J. W., & Stone, L. D. (2003). Words of wisdom: Language use over the life span. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 291-301.
Petrie, K. P., Booth, R. J., Pennebaker, J. W., Davison, K. P., & Thomas, M. G. (1995). Disclosure of trauma and immune response to a hepatitis B vaccination program. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 63, 787-792.
Rachman, S. (1980). Emotional Processing. Behavior Research and Therapy, 18, 51-60.
Robinson, M. S., & Alloy, L. B. (1998). Negative inferential style, stress-reactive rumination and life stress as interactive risk factors in the onset of depression (in preparation). Cornell University Medical School.
Rude, S. S., Gortner, E. M., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2004). Language Use of Depressed and Depression-Vulnerable College Students. Cognition and Emotion.
Spera, S., Buhrfeind, E. D., & Pennebaker. J. W. (1994). Expressive writing and coping with job los. Academy of Management Journal. 37, 722-733.
Stirman, S. W., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2001). Word use in the poetry of suicidal and non-suicidal poets. Psychosomatic Medicine, 63, 517-522.
Teasdale, J. D. (1999). Emotional processing, three modes of mind and the prevention of relapse in depression. Behavior Research and Therapy, 37, S53-S77.
Watkins, E. (2004). Adaptive and maladaptive ruminative self-focus during emotional processing. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42, 1037-1052.
Watkins, E., & Baracaia, S. (2002). Rumination and social problem-solving in depression. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40, 1179-1189.
Wenzlaff, R. M., & Luxton, D. D. (2003). The role of thought suppression in depressive rumination. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 27, 293-308.