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E-ISSN : 2733-4538
Based on the cognitive approach to test anxiety, we conducted two studies in order to develop the Automatic Thoughts of Test Questionnaire (ATTQ) to assess cognitive content associated with test anxiety and to examine its psychometric properties. In Study 1, 95 preliminary items were initially drawn from automatic thoughts collected with the thought-listing method, as well as from existing scales of test anxiety, and then 37 items were selected through an examination of content validity. The preliminary 37-item version of the ATTQ was administered to 223 undergraduate students during an actual test. The final version of the ATTQ consisted of 21 items that were selected using a series of exploratory factor analyses. Factor analyses of the ATTQ revealed a five-factor structure: ‘Negative Prediction of Test Scores’, ‘Catastrophic Interpretation of Test Results’, ‘Concerns about Others’ Negative Evaluation’, ‘Worry about Unexpected Questions on an Exam’, and ‘Fear of Having One's Mind Go Blank’. Study 2 aimed to replicate the initial factor structure found in Study 1 and to examine the reliability and validity of the ATTQ in a sample of 292 undergraduate students. Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the correlated five-factor model had a better goodness-of-fit than other models. The ATTQ showed high internal consistency, acceptable test-retest reliability over a five-week period, and good convergent, criterion, and incremental validity. Consistent with the cognitive model of test anxiety, automatic thoughts as measured by the ATTQ partially mediated the association between cognitive test anxiety and state anxiety during an actual test, thus providing support for its construct validity. In conclusion, these findings suggest that the ATTQ is a highly reliable and valid instrument for assessing the automatic thoughts associated with test anxiety in undergraduate students. Finally, the theoretical and clinical implications as well as the limitations of the present research were discussed.
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