바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

Effects of Social Exclusion on Emotional Well-Being and Depression, and Analysis of Moderating Effect of Pro-Social Experience

Abstract

Social exclusion has been recognized as a significant problem because of its negative influence on physical and psychosocial well-being. In this study, we had investigated that degree of social exclusion and their effects on emotional well-being and depressive mood in neurotic outpatients compared with general adults, and moderating effect of pro-social experience in two groups. Data were obtained from 62 neurotic outpatients who were diagnosed neurosis including anxiety disorder, depressive spectrum disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder by two psychiatrists except psychotic and personality disorder group and 67 general control people who was matched gender and age. In our study results, social exclusion of neurotic patients was significantly higher and prosocial experience of neurotic patients was lower compared with the control group, Among social exclusion, whereas effect of bullying exclusion was small or not-significant, insult exclusion was factor that decreases life-satisfaction and induces depressive symptom. Isolation exclusion was significant effect on increasing depressive mood and decreasing sense of emotional well-being in both groups expect bullying exclusion. Also, their impact was higher in the neurosis than normal control and especially isolation pattern of exclusion had a great impact on depressive symptoms and emotional well-being in neurotic group. However, moderate effect of pro-social support experience wasn't significant to alleviate effect of social exclusion on depression and emotional well-being. Finally, meaning, suggestion and limitation of this studies were discussed.

keywords
사회적 배척, 친사회적 수용, 우울, 정서적 안녕감, social exclusion, pro-social experience. depression, emotional well-being

Reference

1.

김완석, 김영진 (1997). 주관적 안녕 척도: 공동생활 및 활동과의 연관. 한국심리학회지; 사회문제, 3(1), 61-81.

2.

귄기준, 이흥표 (2009). 사회적 배척이 친족에 대한 자기 유용성 지각에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지; 사회 및 성격, 23(4), 27-45.

3.

손정우, 김은정, 홍성도, 이시형, 홍강의 (2000). 청소년 정신과 환자중 외톨이 혹은 왕따 특성을 보이는 환자에 대한 예비 연구. 소아청소년정신의학, 11(2), 240-251.

4.

신동엽, 박고훈 (2000). 직장내 구성원의 부적응현상에 대한 연구, 따돌림을 중심으로. 교육연구. 13, 1-51.

5.

안현의 (2005). 청소년의 심리적 외상에 대한 탐색적 연구: 외상후 스트레스 증상과 성격특성을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 17(1), 217-231.

6.

양병화 (1998). 다변량 자료분석의 이해와 활용. 서울: 학지사.

7.

이민규, 이영호, 박세현, 손창호, 정영조, 홍성국, 이병관, 장필립, 윤애리. (1995) 한국판 Beck 우울척도의 표준화 연구 I: 신뢰도 및 요인 분석. 정신병리학, 4(1). 77-95

8.

이춘재, 곽금주 (2000). 학교에서의 집단 따돌림: 실태, 특성 및 대책. 서울: 집문당.

9.

이흥표, 이홍석 (2006). 지각된 사회적 평판이 심리적 안녕감과 자아존중감에 미치는 영향 및 성차. 한국심리학회지; 건강, 11(2), 329-344.

10.

최보가, 임지영 (1999). 또래 괴롭힘이 아동의 외로움과 불안에 미치는 영향-초등학생과 중학생을 중심으로. 대한가정학회지, 37 (5), 111-121.

11.

최은숙 (2000). 집단따돌림 가해, 피해 경향과 관련된 심리적 요인에 관한 일 연구. 서강대학교 학생생활상담연구소, 인간이해, 21, 109-137.

12.

Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995). The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 497-529.

13.

Baumeister, R. F., & Tice, D. M. (1993). Anxiety and social exclusion. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 9, 165-195.

14.

Beck, A. T. (1967). Depression: Clinical, Experimental, and Theoretical Aspects. New York: Harper & Row.

15.

Bolling, D. Z., Pitskel, N. B., Deen, B., Michael, B. D., Crowkey, M. J., McPartland, J. C, Mayes, L. C., & Pelphrey, K. A. (2010). Dissociable brain mechanisms for processing social exclusion and rule violation. NeuroImage. 54(3), 2462-2471.

16.

Boulton, M., Trueman, M., Chau, C., Whiteland, C., & Amtya K. (1999). Concurrent and longitudinal links between friendship and peer victimization: Implications for befriending intervention. Journal of Adolescence. 21(4), 461- 466.

17.

Bowlby, J. (1973). Attachment and loss, Separation: Anxiety and anger(Vol. 2) New York: Basic Books.

18.

Buckley, K., Winkel, R., & Leary, M. R. (2004). Reactions to acceptance and rejection: Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 14-28.

19.

Butler, J. C., Doherty, M. S., & Potter, R. M. (2007) Social antecedents and consequences of interpersonal rejection sensitivity. Personality and Individual Differences, 43(6), 1376-1385.

20.

Campbell, M. L. C., & Morrison, A. P. (2007). The relationship between bullying, psychotic- like experiences and appraisals in 14-16 year olds. Behavior Research and Therapy, 45(7), 1579-1591.

21.

Cacioppo, J. T., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2010). Perceived social isolation makes me sad: 5-year cross-lagged analyses of loneliness and depressive symptomatology in the Chicago Heath, Aging, and Social Relations Study. Psychology and Aging, 25(2), 453-463.

22.

Crick, N. R., Casas, J. F., & Ku, H. C. (1999). Relational and physical forms of peer victimization in preschool. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 376-385.

23.

Crick, N, R., & Grotpeter, J. K. (1996). Children's treatment by peers: Victims of relational and overt aggression. Developmental Psychopathology, 8, 367-380.

24.

Davidson, L., & Demaray, M. (2007). Social support as moderater between victimization and internalizing-externalizing distress from bullying. School Psychology Review, 36(3), 383- 405.

25.

Diener, E., Emmons, R. A., Larsen, R. J., & Griffin, S. (1985). The satisfaction with life scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49(1), 71 -75.

26.

Downey, G., & Feldman, S. I. (1996). Implications of rejection sensitivity for intimate relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(6), 1327-1343.

27.

Eisenberger, N. I., Liberman, M. D., & Williams, K. D. (2003). Does rejection hurt? An fMRI study of social exclusion. Science, 302, 290- 292.

28.

Eisenberger, N. I, Matthew, D., & Lieberman. M. D. (2004). Why rejection hurts? a common neural alarm system for physical and social pain. Trends in Cognitive Science, 8(7), 294-300.

29.

George, T. P., & Hartman, D. P. (1996). Friendship network of unpopular, average, and popular children. Child Development, 67(5), 2301-2316.

30.

Gini, G., & Pozzli, T. (2009). Association between bullying and psychosomatic problems: a meta- analysis. Pediatrics, 123, 1059-1065.

31.

Gunstad, I., Paul, R. H., Spiznagel, M. B., Cohen, R. A., Williams, L. M., Koh, M., & Gordon, E. (2006). Exposure to early life trauma is association with adult obesity. Psychiatry Research, 142(1), 31-37.

32.

Hawker, D. S., & Boulton, M. J. (2000). Twenty years' research on peer victimization and psychosocial maladjustment: a meta-analytic review of cross-sectional studies. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 41(4), 441-455.

33.

Herman, J. L., Perry. J. C., & van der Kolk, B. A. (1999). Childhood trauma in borderline personality disorder. American Journal of Psychiatry, 146(4), 490-495.

34.

Holt, M., & Espelage. D. (2007). Perceived social support among bullies, victims and bully- victims. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36(8), 984-994.

35.

Kelleher, I., Harley, M., Lynch, F., Arseneault, L., Fizpartrick, C., & Cannon, M. (2008). Association between childhood trauma, bullying and psychotic symptom among a school-based adolescent sample. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 193(5), 378-382.

36.

Kendler, K. S., Kessler, R. C., Walters, E. E., MacLean, C. J., Sham, P. C., Neale, M. C., Heath, A. C., & Eaves, L. J. (1995). Stressful life events, genetic liability, and onset of an episode of major depression in women. American Journal of Psychiatry, 152(6), 833-842.

37.

Lastaster, T., van Os, J., Drukker, M., Henquet, C., Feron, F., Gunther, N., & Myin-Germeys, I, (2006). Childhood victimization and development expression of non-clinical delusional and hallucinatory experiences. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 41(6), 423-428.

38.

Leary, M. R., Tamber, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 518-530.

39.

Levy, S. R, Ayduk, O., & Downey, G. (2001). The role of rejection sensitivity in people's relationships with significant others and valued social groups. In M. R. Leary(Ed.) Interpersonal rejection(pp.251-289). New York: Oxford University Press.

40.

Lyubomirsky, S., & Lepper, H. S. (1999). A measure of subjective happiness: Preliminary reliability and construct validation. Social Indicator Research, 46(2), 137-155.

41.

Masten, C. L., Einsenberger, N. I., Brofosky, L. A., Pferifer, L. H., McNealy, K., Mazziotta, J. C., & Daprette, M. (2005). Neural correlates of social exclusion during adolescent understanding the distress of peer rejection. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 4(2), 143-157.

42.

Matthiesen, S. B., & Einarsen, S. (2004). Psychiatric distress and symptoms of PTSD among victims of bullying. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 32(3), 335-356.

43.

Mikkelsen, E. G., & Einarsen, S. (2002). Basic assumptions and symptoms of post-traumatic stress among victims of bullying at work. European Journal of work and Organizational Psychology, 11, 87-111.

44.

Olweus, D. (1984). Aggressors and victim: Bullying at school. In N. Frude. & H. Gualts(Eds). Disruptive behavior in schools. Chichester: Jon Wiley.

45.

Peplau, L. & Perlman, D. (1982). Perspectives on loneliness. In Peplau, L. & Perlman, D. (eds.). Loneliness: A Sourcebook of Current Theory, Research and Therapy. (pp.1-20). New York: John Wiley and Sons.

46.

Prinstein, M. J., Boergers, J., & Vernberg, E. M. (2001). Overt and relational aggression in adolescents: Social-psychological adjustment of aggression and victims. Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 30(4), 479-491.

47.

Rigby, K. (2000). Effect of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 23 (1), 57-68.

48.

Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self- image. Princeton. NJ: Princeton University Press.

49.

Rothon, C., Head, J., Klineberg, E, & Stanfeld. S. (2010). Can social support protect adolescents form adverse outcomes? A prospective study on the effects of bulling on the educational achievement and mental health of adolescents at secondary schools in East London. Journal of Adolescence, 34(3), 1-10.

50.

Sandstrom, M. J., & Zakriski, A. L. (2004). Understanding the experience of peer rejection. In J. B Kupersmidit, and K. A. Dodge(Eds.), Children's peer relations: From development to intervention(pp.101-118). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.

51.

Slavich, G. M., O'Donovan, A., Epel, E. S., Kemeny, M. E. (2010). Black sheep get the blues: A psychobiological model of social rejection and depression. Neuroroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews, 35(1), 39-45.

52.

Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can’t join them, beat them: Effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058-1069.

53.

Twenge, J. M., Catanese, K. R., & Baumeister, R. F. (2002). Social exclusion causes self-defeating behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(3), 606-615.

54.

van der Kolk, B. A., McFarlane, A. C., Weisaeth, L (1996). Traumatic stress: The Effects of overwhelming experience on mind, body, and society. New York: Guilford Press.

55.

Warburton, W. A., Williams, K. D., & Caims, D. R. (2006). When ostracism leads to aggression: The moderating effects of control deprivation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 42(2), 213-220.

56.

Webber, M., & Huxley, P. (2004) Social exclusion and risk of emergency compulsory admission. Social psychiatric Epidemiology. 39(12), 1000- 1009.

57.

Woods, S., & White, E. (2005). The association between bullying behavior, arousal levels and behavior problems. Journal of Adolescence. 28(3), 381-395.

logo