open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 2093-3843
Traditional deception detection methods had examined the difference of one’s autonomic physiological responses through asking crime-related and crime-unrelated questions. There has been a continuing controversy regarding the accuracy and validity of the test, and thus, many researchers were motivated to explore and develop alternative efficient methods of detection in which one of them is known as P300-based Complex Trial Protocol (CTP). The P300-based CTP detects deception through comparing the P300 amplitudes between probe and irrelevant stimuli and is known as a counterstrategy of countermeasures. However, many previous studies have used countermeasures created from Rosenfeld et al.’s work (2008).The present study initially conducted a survey asking open-ended questions about the countermeasure use to acquire participant-oriented countermeasures for the main experiment. Then, the study aimed to evaluate whether the CTP can accurately detect deception even in the use of survey-based countermeasures. We firstly selected a set of participant-oriented countermeasures through survey questions. Then, a total of 50 participants were divided into three groups (innocent, guilty, and countermeasures) and performed the CTP. Those assigned to the countermeasures group covertly performed mental countermeasures during the CTP. The results of P300 amplitude analysis revealed that the guilty group’s P300 amplitude of probe stimuli was significantly larger than that of irrelevant stimuli. Countermeasures group also had a significantly larger P300 amplitude for probe stimuli compared to irrelevant stimuli, even in the use of countermeasures. The results of bootstrapped amplitude difference (BAD) showed a detection accuracy rate of 81.25%, 82.35%, 82.35% for the innocent, guilty, and countermeasures groups, respectively. These findings demonstrate that the CTP can obtain a high detection rate in participant-oriented countermeasures and suggest the potential use of the CTP in the
Allen, J. J., Iacono, W. G., & Danielson, K. D. (1992). The identification of concealed memories using the event‐related potential and implicit behavioral measures: A methodology for prediction in the face of individual differences. Psychophysiology, 29, 504-522.
Beck, A. T., Emery, G., & Greenberg, R. L. (2005). Anxiety disorders and phobias: A cognitive perspective (15th ed.). New York: Basic Books.
Ben-Shakhar, G. (2012). Current research and potential applications of the concealed information test: An overview. Frontiers in Psychology, 3, 1-11.
Ben-Shakhar, G., & Dolev, K. (1996). Psychophysiological detection through the guilty knowledge technique: Effects of mental countermeasures. Journal of Applied Psychology, 81(3), 273-281.
Ben-Shakhar, G., Lieblich, I., & Bar-Hillel, M. (1982). An evaluation of polygraphers’ judgments: A review from a decision theoretic perspective. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(6), 701-713.
Bigdely-Shamlo, N., Mullen, T., Kothe, C., Su, K. M., & Robbins, K. A. (2015). The PREP pipeline: Standardized preprocessing for large- scale EEG analysis. Frontiers in Neuroinformatics.
Carver, C. S., & White, T. L. (1994). Behavioral inhibition, behavioral activation, and affective responses to impending reward and punishment: The BIS/BAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67(2), 319-333.
Chaumon, M., Bishop, D. V. M., & Busch, N. A. (2015). A practical guide to the selection of independent components of the electroencephalogram for artifact correction. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 250, 47-63.
Christie, R., & Geis, F. L. (1970). Studies in Machiavellianism. (L. Festinger & S. Schachter, Eds.). Academic Press.
Delorme, A., & Makeig, S. (2004). EEGLAB: An open source toolbox for analysis of single- trial EEG dynamics including independent component analysis. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, 134(1), 9-21.
Donchin, E., & Coles, M. G. H. (1988). Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 11(3), 357-374.
Duncan-Johnson, C. C., & Donchin, E. (1977). On quantifying surprise: The variation of event- related potentials with subjective probability. Psychophysiology, 14(5), 456-467.
Farwell, L. A., & Donchin, E. (1991). The truth will out: Interrogative polygraphy (“lie detection”) with event-related brain potentials. Psychophysiology, 28(6), 632-638.
Farwell, L. A., Richardson, D. C., & Richardson, G. M. (2013). Brain fingerprinting field studies comparing P300-MERMER and P300 brainwave responses in the detection of concealed information. Cognitive Neurodynamics, 7(4), 263-299.
Ginton, A., Daie, N., Elaad, E., & Ben-Shakhar, G. (1982). A method for evaluating the use of the polygraph in a real-life situation. Journal of Applied Psychology, 67(2), 131-137.
Gopher, D., & Donchin, E. (1986). Workload: An examination of the concept. In K. R. Boff, L. Laufman, & J. P. Thomas (Eds.), Handbook of perception and human performance, Vol. 2. Cognitive processes and performance (pp. 1-49). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Honts, C. R., Raskin, D. C., & Kircher, J. C. (1994). Mental and physical countermeasures reduce the accuracy of polygraph tests. Journal of Applied Psychology, 79(2), 252-259.
Horowitz, S. W., Kircher, J. C., Honts, C. R., & Raskin, D. C. (1997). The role of comparison questions in physiological detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 34(1), 108-115.
Hu, X., Hegeman, D., Landry, E., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2012). Increasing the number of irrelevant stimuli increases ability to detect countermeasures to the P300-based Complex Trial Protocol for concealed information detection. Psychophysiology, 49(1), 85-95.
Hu, X., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2012). Combining the P300-complex trial-based Concealed Information Test and the reaction time-based autobiographical Implicit Association Test in concealed memory detection. Psychophysiology, 49(8), 1090-1100.
Hyvärinen, A., & Oja, E. (2000). Independent component analysis: Algorithms and applications. Neural Networks, 13(4-5), 411-430.
Isreal, J. B., Chesney, G. L., Wickens, C. D., & Donchin, E. (1980). P300 and tracking difficulty: Evidence for multiple resources in dual-task performance. Psychophysiology, 17(3), 259-273.
Knowles, E. S., Cutter, H. S. G., Walsh, D. H., & Casey, N. A. (1973). Risk-taking as a personality trait. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 1(2), 123-136.
Kramer, A. F., Wickens, C. D., & Donchin, E. (1985). Processing of stimulus properties: Evidence for dual-task integrality. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 11(4), 393-408.
Kramer, A., Wickens, C., Vanasse, L., Heffley, E., & Donchin, E. (1981). Primary and secondary task analysis of step tracking: An event- related potentials approach. Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting, 25(1), 43-47.
Loeb, A., Beck, A. T., Diggory, j. C., & Tuthill, R. (1967). Expectancy, level of aspiration, performance, and self-evaluation in depression. In Proceedings of the 75th Annual Convention of the American Psychological Association (Vol. 2, pp. 193-194).
Lukács, G., Weiss, B., Dalos, V. D., Kilencz, T., Tudja, S., & Csifcsák, G. (2016). The first independent study on the complex trial protocol version of the P300-based concealed information test: Corroboration of previous findings and highlights on vulnerabilities. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 110, 56-65.
Lykken, D. T. (1959). The GSR in the detection of guilt. Journal of Applied Psychology, 43(6), 385-388.
Lykken, D. T. (1979). The detection of deception. Psychological Bulletin, 86(1), 47-53.
Lykken, D. T. (1984). Detecting Deception in 1984. American Behavioral Scientist, 27(4), 481-499.
Marino, C. F., Reid, J. E., & Inbau, F. E. (1978). Truth and deception: The polygraph (“lie-detector”) technique. The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology.
Marston, W. M. (1917). Systolic blood pressure symptoms of deception. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 2(2), 117-163.
Meixner, J. B., Haynes, A., Winograd, M. R., Brown, J., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2009). Assigned versus random, countermeasure-like responses in the P300 based complex trial protocol for detection of deception: Task demand effects. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 34(3), 209-220.
Meixner, J. B., Labkovsky, E., Peter Rosenfeld, J., Winograd, M., Sokolovsky, A., Weishaar, J., & Ullmann, T. (2013). P900: A putative novel ERP component that indexes countermeasure use in the P300-based concealed information test. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 38(2), 121-132.
Meixner, J. B., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2010). Countermeasure mechanisms in a P300-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology, 47(1), 57-65.
Mertens, R., & Allen, J. J. B. (2008). The role of psychophysiology in forensic assessments: Deception detection, ERPs, and virtual reality mock crime scenarios. Psychophysiology, 45(2), 286-298.
National Research Council, Committee to Review the Scientific Evidence on the Polygraph (2003). The polygraph and lie detection. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
Palmer, J. A., Kreutz-Delgado, K., & Makeig, S. (2012). AMICA: An adaptive mixture of independent component analyzers with shared components. Swartz Center for Computational Neuroscience, (December 2014), 1-15.
Park, H. D., Correia, S., Ducorps, A., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2014). Spontaneous fluctuations in neural responses to heartbeats predict visual detection. Nature Neuroscience, 17, 612-618.
Patrick, C. J., & Iacono, W. G. (1991). A comparison of field and laboratory polygraphs in the detection of deception. Psychophysiology, 28(6), 632-638.
Podlesny, J. A., & Raskin, D. C. (1977). Physiological measures and the detection of deception. Psychological Bulletin, 84(4), 782-799.
Polich, J. (2007). Updating P300: An integrative theory of P3a and P3b. Clinical Neurophysiology, 118(10), 2128-2148.
Raskin, D. C. (1989). Polygraph techniques for the detection of deception. In D. C. Raskin (Ed.), Psychological methods in criminal investigation and evidence (pp. 247-296). Springer Publishing Co.
Reid, J. E. (1945). Simulated blood pressure responses in lie-detector tests and a method for their detection. Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology, 36(3), 201-214.
Rosenfeld, J. P. (2002). Event-related potentials in detection of deception, malingering, and false memories. In M. Kleiner (Ed.), Handbook of polygraph testing (pp. 265-286). New York: Academic Press.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Biroschak, J. R., & Furedy, J. J. (2006). P300-based detection of concealed autobiographical versus incidentally acquired information in target and non-target paradigms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 60(3), 251-259.
Rosenfeld, J. P., & Labkovsky, E. (2010). New P300-based protocol to detect concealed information: Resistance to mental countermeasures against only half the irrelevant stimuli and a possible ERP indicator of countermeasures. Psychophysiology, 47(6), 1002-1010.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Labkovsky, E., Winograd, M., Lui, M. A., Vandenboom, C., & Chedid, E. (2008). The Complex Trial Protocol (CTP): A new, countermeasure-resistant, accurate, P300- based method for detection of concealed information. Psychophysiology, 45(6), 906-919.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Soskins, M., Bosh, G., & Ryan, A. (2004). Simple, effective countermeasures to P300-based tests of detection of concealed information. Psychophysiology, 41(2), 205-219.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Tang, M., Meixner, J., Winograd, M., & Labkovsky, E. (2009). The effects of asymmetric vs. symmetric probability of targets following probe and irrelevant stimuli in the complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information with P300. Physiology and Behavior, 98(1-2), 10-16.
Rosenfeld, J. P., Ward, A., Thai, M., & Labkovsky, E. (2015). Superiority of pictorial versus verbal presentation and initial exposure in the P300-based, Complex Trial Protocol for concealed memory detection. Applied Psychophysiology Biofeedback, 40(2), 61-73.
Sasaki, M., Hira, S., & Matsuda, T. (2001). Effects of a mental countermeasure on the physiological detection of deception using the event-related brain potentials. Shinrigaku Kenkyu: The Japanese Journal of Psychology, 72(4), 322-328.
Saxe, L., Dougherty, D., & Cross, T. (1985). The validity of polygraph testing: Scientific analysis and public controversy. American Psychologist, 40(3), 355-366.
Schoonjans, F., Zalata, A., Depuydt, C. E., & Comhaire, F. H. (1995). MedCalc: A new computer program for medical statistics. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 48(3), 257-262.
Snyder, M., & Gangestad, S. (1986). On the nature of self-monitoring: Matters of assessment, matters of validity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(1), 125-139.
Sokolovsky, A., Rothenberg, J., Labkovsky, E., Meixner, J., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011). A novel countermeasure against the reaction time index of countermeasure use in the P300- based complex trial protocol for detection of concealed information. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 81(1), 60-63.
Song, I., Kim, H., Lee, K. E., Chang, E., & Kim, H. T. (2019). Can virtual mock crime replace actual mock crime? An event-related potential study. The Korean Journal of Forensic Psychology, 10(2), 89-109.
Soskins, M., Rosenfeld, J., & Niendam, T. (2001). Peak-to-peak measurement of P300 recorded at 0.3 Hz high pass filter settings in intraindividual diagnosis: Complex vs. simple paradigms. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 40(2), 173-180.
Sutton, S., Tueting, P., Zubin, J., & John, E. R. (1967). Information delivery and the sensory evoked potential. Science, 155(3768), 1436- 1439.
United States v. Scheffer, 523 U.S. 303 (1998)
United States v. Urquidez, 356 F. Supp. 1363 (C.D. Cal. 1973)
Wasserman, S., & Bockenholt, U. (1989). Bootstrapping applications to psychophysiology. Psychophysiology, 26(2), 208-221.
Watson, D., Clark, L. A., & Tellegen, A. (1988). Development and validation of brief measures of positive and negative affect: The PANAS scales. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54(6), 1063-1070.
Winkler, I., Debener, S., Muller, K. R., & Tangermann, M. (2015). On the influence of high-pass filtering on ICA-based artifact reduction in EEG-ERP. In Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS (pp. 4101-4105).
Winograd, M. R., & Rosenfeld, J. P. (2011). Mock crime application of the Complex Trial Protocol (CTP) P300-based concealed information test. Psychophysiology, 48(2), 155- 161.
Zhu, C., Pan, J., Li, S., Liu, X., Wang, P., & Li, J. (2019). Internal cost of spontaneous deception revealed by ERPs and EEG spectral perturbations. Scientific Reports, 9(1), 1-11.