open access
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open access
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ISSN : 2093-3843
The process of biased hypothesis testing, which occurs when people tend to search for information that would provide support for their hypotheses and ignore hypotheses-disconfirming information, may influence the ways individuals interact with other people, and may end up eliciting behaviors in others that actually correspond to their initial hypotheses, leading them to provide behavioral evidence for the initial expectancies. These processes of biased hypothesis testing and behavioral confirmation have been extensively studied, especially in the instructional setting as a type of self-fulfilling prophecies. In the current paper manifestations of the processes of biased hypothesis testing and behavioral confirmation in three areas of the legal system, legal decision making, police interrogations (false confessions), and eyewitness identifications, were discussed. Furthermore, procedures that can be used to minimize problems resulting from biased hypothesis testing and behavioral confirmation were explored.
This study investigated response inhibition and emotional recognition in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic inmates according to the scores of Psychopathy Checklist–Revised. Event-related potentials were collected as subjects performed three emotional Go/NoGo tasks that required participants to respond in Go condition and to inhibit response in NoGo condition. In all tasks, Go stimuli were neutral faces. NoGo stimuli of Task 1 were fearful faces and NoGo stimuli of Task 2 were sad faces and NoGo stimuli of Task 3 were happy faces. The psychopathic offenders showed greater P3 amplitude for fearful faces than for neutral faces at the frontocentral and central areas. For the nonpsychopathic offendoers, this effect was absent or the P3 amplitude was larger on neutral faces than on fearful faces. In Emotional Recognition Test, the psychopaths showed significantly lower accuracy than the nonpsychopaths. These results support that the neural processes involved in response inhibition are abnormal in psychopaths when emotional stimuli of facial expressions are presented.
The purpose of this study was to validate the Korean version of the Self-Report Psychopathy Scale (SRPS) and investigate the application possibility of the scale in a institutionalized population. The SRPS was developed to assess psychopathic attributes in a noninstitutionalized population by Levenson, Kiehl, & Fitzpatrick (1995). The samples consisted of 509 undergraduates (as noninstitutionalized sample) and 411 prisoners (as institutionalized sample). The exploratory factor analysis with the noninstitutionalized sample provided the evidence for the construct validity of the SRPS. The result of a confirmatory factor analysis with the noninstitutionalized sample confirmed that 5-factor model was fit to the data. 5-factor confirmatory factor analysis with institutionalized sample was conducted to determine the adequacy of fit in association with the application possibility of the SRPS in a institutionalized population, The result confirmed that the SRPS was a reference data rather than a good scale. Implications were discussed based on the findings. Finally the directions for future study and limitations of this study were discussed.
Criminal Profiling Investigation on the basis of criminal behavior distinction Analysis in crime scene have increased in recent year, and this is useful high. But there is on children missing(or kidnapping) only victim, that is not useful. Fortunately, empirical study findings according to interview of offenders show that they similar/same M.O. feature per criminal as though they are same people do that. And that results are very useful in child-kidnapping-sexual assault murder investigation. For comparison on result of external cases, I examine internal child-kidnapping-sexual assault and murder cases. In order to make up for the mistake of hasty generalization due to lake of the cases, I search cases of molesting children under 13, pay attention that they have sexual motive for children. The result of internal child-kidnapping-sexual assault and murder cases were similar/same M.O. with pre, in, and post crime, as external cases. In short, most of crime victim is ordinary children and they(victim and criminal) met by chance on the street. Criminal get their victim using flirt with victim or ask for help. And right after kidnapping, they had binding and control victim using excessive assault, they are just children although not necessary control. And they kidnapped for main desires, sexual drive. But they killed victim by rational reason, differ from external murder caused by sex motive happened like a serial scenario. Post crime, most of body was dismembered and abandoned. Except survival victim fortunately, body finding point marked a watershed in internal child-kidnapping-sexual assault-murder investigation. And then criminal was arrested in about 3days. Otherwise offender of children under 13 differs from child-kidnapping-sexual assault-murderer. It's differ from encounter to post crime, except choice of victims. Through these findings, I can offer crime child missing(especially, sexual kidnapping) investigation outline. First, child missing/kidnapping investigation have to dragnet investigation in the early kidnapping through search cooperation a local resident. Second, police have to short the point of open, and finally it's necessary to come up with measures to increase civil community. Incidentally, I offer crime preventation based on the cases of offender of children under 13. Department of Justice have to include the intelligence and social test, just in case of the offender of children under 13. And I can prevent children's sexual crime for support emotion and training for social adaptation of community. Basically, police investigative capacity need to increase objective and specialized through assistance from outside such as psychologist, sociologist and criminologist. But lots of the data about external missing, child kidnapping investigation emphasize that main agent is the local community include victim family. In conclusion, it's necessary to be mindful of join in local community in these investigation. Furthermore, I think that is in need of study for discrimination between just missing(run away from home, lose a way, etc.) and kidnapping, through the empirical data analysis.
The present paper explored the relation between the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and sexual aggression. Many research on the characteristics of sexual offenders report that significant proportion of juvenile or adult sexual offenders were sexual abuse victims in childhood. Paradoxically, some of sexually abused children recapitulate the abuse experience by engaging in sexual offense as juveniles or adults. This paper proposes that PTSD symptoms could be important mediating variables for the association between childhood sexual victimization and subsequent sexual offending in adulthood. Trauma symptoms such as intrusive memory may lead to trauma-associated feelings such as fear and helplessness, which may in turn disrupt offenders’ subsequent socio-cognitive-emotional functioning. Disruptive socio-cognitive-emotional functioning finally contributes to engaging in maladaptive behaviors such as sexual offense.
The purpose of this study was to investigate a structural relationship among the relate variables of adolescent's violent behavior. 518 adolescents in Youth Detention Center of the whole country completed questionnaires assessing experiences of family violence, experiences of mass media violence, Impulsivenss and violent behavior. The sample variance-covariance matrix was analysed using Amos 18.0 and a maximum likelibood mimimizatin function. Goodness of fit was evaluated using the TLI, SRMR, RMSEA and its 90% confidence interval.The results was as follows: First the direct effect of experiences family violence, experiences of mass media violence, Impulsiveness on violent behavior on adolencent's violental behavior was significant. Second, the direct effect of experiences family violence, experiences of mass media violence on impuliveness was significant. Finally, the significant indirect effect of experiences of family violence and mass media violence was mediated by impulsiveness.