ISSN : 1225-3480
The Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas larvae were exposed to 4 cryoprotectants, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), ethylene glycol (EG), glycerol and methanol, each with 4 four concentrations (10, 20, 30, and 40%) for permeation. Detail concentration of experiment on larvae were exposed to 2 two cryoprotectants, DMSO and EG, each with 4 four concentrations 22, 24, 26 and 28%) for permeation. 26% dimethyl surfoxide (DMSO) for 30 min and 28% EG for 120 min were determined as appropriate CPA and equilibration time by CPA permeation experiments of trochophore larvae. 22% DMSO for 60 min and 26% EG for 60 min were determined as appropriate CPA and equilibration time by CPA permeation experiments of D-shaped larvae. Larval abnormalities, a sign of the chemical damage, were a representative phenotype which was higher at a higher concentration and longer duration of the chemicals.
Ahammad, M.M., Bhattacharyya, D., and Jana, B.B. (1998) Effect of different concentration of cryoprotectant and extender on the hatching of Indian major carp embryos Labeo rohita, Catla catla, and Cirrhinus mrigala stored at low temperature. Cryobiology, 37: 318-324.
Arii, N., Nami, K., Gomi, F., and Nakazawa, T. (1987)Cryoprotection of medaka embryos during development. Zool. Sci., 4: 813-818.
Asahina, E. and Takahashi, T. (1978) Freezing tolerance in embryos and spermatizia if the sea urchin. Cryobiology, 15: 122-127.
Chang, Y.J., Choi, Y.H. and Chang, Y.J. (1999) Selection of cryoprotectants for cryopreservaion of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii trochophore. Development and Reproduction, 3(1): 107-111.
Carvalho, R.V., Campo, M.R., Palasz, A.T., Plante, Y. and Mapletoft, R.J. (1996) Survival rates and sex ratio of bovine IVF embryos frozen at different developmental stages on day 7. Theriogenology, 45:489-498.
Chang, Y.J., Kim, Y.S., Choi, Y.H. and Lee, J.Y. (2001)Survival rates of frozen-thawed surf clam Spisula sachalinensis larvae in five developmental stages. Development and Reproduction, 5(1): 35-38.
Chao, N.H., Chiang, C.P., Hsu, H.W., Tsai C.T. and Lin, T.T. (1994) Toxicity tolerance of oyster embryos to selected cryoprotectants. Aquat Living Res, 7: 99-104.
Chao, N.H., Lin, T.T., Chen, Y.J., Hsu H.W. and Liao, I.C. (1997) Cryopreservation of late embryos and early larvae in the oyster and hard clam. Aquaculture, 155: 31-44.
Choi, Y.H. and Chang, Y.J. (1993) Survival rates of trochophores from pearl oyster, Pinctada fucata martensii and Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigias immersed in four kinds of cryoprotectant. J. Korean Fish. Soc., 18: 77-82 [in Korean]
Choi, Y.H. (2003) Larval development and cryopreservation of three bivalve species in aquaulture. Ph.D. thesis, pp. 142. Pukyong National University, Korea. [in Korean]
Choi, Y.H. and Chang, Y.J. (2003) The influence of cooling rate, developmental stage and the addition of sugar on the cryopreservation of larvae of the pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii. Cryobiology, 46(2:)190-193.
Choi, Y.H. and Chang Y.J. (2014) Influences of developmental stages, protective additives and concentrations of cryoprotective agents on the cryopreservation of Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)larvae. Cryo-Letter, 35(6): 495-500.
Cseh, S., Corselli, j. Nehlsin-Cannarella, S.L., Bailey L.L. and Szalay. A.A. (1997) The effect of quick-freezing in ethylene glycol on morphological survival and in vitro development of mouse embryos frozen at different preimplantation stages. Theriogenology, 48:43-50.
Culliney, J.L. (1974) Larval development of the giant scallop Placopecten magellanicus (Gmelin). Biol. Bull., 147: 321-332.
Farrant, J. (1965) Mechanism of cell damage during freezing and thawing and it’s prevention. Nature (London), 205: 1284-1287.
Gwo, J.C. (1995) Cryopreservation of oyster Crassostrea gigas embryos. Theriogenology, 43: 1163-1174.
Im, K.s., Kang, J.K. and Kim, H.S. (1997) Effects of cumulus cells, different cryoprotectants, various maturation stages and preincubation before insemination on developmental capacity of frozen-thawed bovine oocytes. Theriogenology, 47: 881-891.
Jo, P.G., Choi, Y.H., Kang, K.H., Kho, K.H., C.S. Go, B.H., Kim, H.K., Lim, Choi, C.Y. and Chang, Y.J. (2002) Compositon of cryopreservation effects on D-shaped larvae of arkshell Scapharca broughtonii by the kinds of additive and the concentration of cryoprotectant. Korean J. Malacol., 18: 77-82. [in Korean]
Kasai, M., Niwa, E. and Iritani, A. (1981) Effects of various cryoprotective agents on the survival of unfrozen mouse embryos. J. Reprod. Fertil., 63:175-180.
Kim, K.T., Lim, H.K. and Chang, Y.J. (2013) Survival rates with time course of frozen-thawed Pacific oyster larvae in indoor rearing system. Development and Reproduction, 17(4): 337-343.
Leibo, S.P., Mcgrath, J.J. and Cravalho, E.G. (1978)Microscopic observation of intracellular ice formation in unfertilized mouse ova as a function of cooling rate. Cryobiology, 15: 157-271.
Lepock, J.R., Morse, P.D., Keith, A.D. and Kruuv., J. (1978) Freez-thaw damage in isolated lobster sarcoplasmic reticulum membranes: A model system for membranes damage. Cryobiology, 15: 643-653.
Maurer, R.R. (1978) Freezing mammalian embryos: A review of the technique. Theriogenology, 9: 45-67.
Mazur, P. (1984) Freezing of living cell; Mechanisms and implications. Am. J. Physiol., 274: 125-142.
McFadzen, IRB. (1992) Growth and survival of cryopreserved oyster and clam larvae along a pollution gradient in the German Bight. MAR. ECOL. PROG. SER., 91: 215-220.
Naidenko, T. (1997) Cryopreservation of Crassotrea gigas oocytes, embryos and larvae using antioxidant echinochrome A and antifreeze protein AFP1. Cryo-Letter, 18: 375-382.
Paniagua-Chavez, C.G., Buchanan, J.T., Supan, J.E. and Tiersch, T.R. (1998) Settlement and growth of eastern oyster produced from cryopreserved larvae. Cryo-Letter, 19: 283-292.
Rall, W.F., Mazur, P. and Souzu, H. (1978)Physical-chemical basis of the protection of slowly frozen human erythrocytes by glycerol. J. Bio., 23:101-120.
Renard, P. and Cochard, J.C. (1989) Effect of various cryoprotectants on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, Manila clam, Ruditapes philiooinarum Reeve and King scallop, Pecten maximus (L) embryo:influence of the biochemical and osmotic effects. Cryo-Letters, 10: 169-180.
Renard, P. (1991) Cooling and freezing tolerances in embryo of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas :methanol and sucrose effects. Aquaculture, 92: 43-57.
Sakul, H., Bradford, G.E., Bondurant, R.H., Anderson, G.B. and Donahue, S.E. (1993) Cryopreservation of embryos as means of germ plasm conservation in sheep. Theriogenology, 39: 401-409.
Somgsasen, N., Buckrell, B.C., Plante, C. and Leibo, S.P. (1995) In vitro and in vivo survival of cryopreserved sheep embryos. Cryobiology, 32: 78-91.
Shelton, J.N. (1992) Factors affecting viability of fresh and frozen-thawed sheep embryos. Theriogenology, 37: 713-721.
Schiewe, M.C., Rall, W.F., Stuart, L.D. and Wildt, D.E. (1991) Analysis of cryoprotectant, cooling rate and in situ dilution using conventional freezing or vitrification for cryopreserving sheep embryos. Theriogenology, 36: 279-293.
Stoss, J. and Holtz, W. (1983) Cryopreservation of rainbow trout (salmo gairdneri) sperm. Ⅳ. The effects of DMSO concentration and equilibration time on sperm survival, sucrose and KCl as extender components and the osmolality of the thawing solution. Aquaculture, 32: 321-330.
Suzuki, T., Komada, Takai, H. R. Arii, K. and Kozima, T.T. (1995) Relation between toxicity of cryoprotectant DMSO and its concentation in several fish embryos. Fish. Sci., 6: 193-197.
Takahashi, Y. and Kanagawa, H. (1985) Quick freezing of mouse embryos by direct plunge into liquid nitrogen vapour: Effect of sugar. J. Jap. Vet. Res., 33: 141-144.
Tervit, H.R. and Gold, P.G. (1984) Deep-freezing of sheep embryos. Theriogenology, 21: 268.
Toledo, J.D., Kurokura, H. and Kasahara, S. (1989)Preliminary studies on the cryopreservation of the blue mussel embryos. Nippon Suisan Gakkaishi., 55:1661.
Wallace, R.A. and Selman, K. (1990) Ultrastructural aspects of oogenesis and oocyte growth in fish and amphibians. J. Electron Microsc. Tech., 16: 175-201.
Wang, H., Li., Wang, M., Clarke, S, Gluis, M. and Zhang, Z. (2011) Effects of larval cryopreservation on subsequent development of the blue mussels, Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck. Aquacult. Res., 42:1816-1823.
Zhang, L., Lu D. X., Chen, S. and Fang, J. (1992)Effects of several factors on the survival rate of fish embryo before it cryopreserved. Freshwat. Fish. Danshui. Yute., 1: 20-24.
한국수정란이식 학회. 1995. 소 수정란 이식. pp. 13-132, 정문각. 서울.