A short-term longitudinal study of mental health and academic burnout among middle school students
Abstract
This is a short-term longitudinal study investigating the relationships between changes in mental health and academic burnout among Korean middle school students. Study sample consisted of 409 middle school students in Seoul provision, with 161 male, 216 female, and 32 unidentified. Both Symptom Check List(SCL-47) and Maslach Burnout Inventory-Student Survey(MBI-SS) were used. In order to examine the pattern of changes in mental health and academic burnout among students, standardized residuals were calculated using regression equations which were then put into canonical correlation analysis. The results of this study are as follows. First, according to Function 1, among sub-factors of mental health, decreases in depression, compulsion, anxiety, and hostility were particularly associated with decreases in exhaustion and cynicism among academic burnout. Put in another way, students who showed increases in depression, compulsion, anxiety, and hostility experienced more academic exhaustion and cynicism. Second, according to Function 2, increases in phobic anxiety, compulsion with decreases in anxiety, depression were associated with decrease in academic exhaustion and increase in cynicism. Considering Russell's dimensional theory of emotion, Function 1 showed that mental health symptoms including both aroused and non-aroused affects were related with increases in exhaustion and cynicism while Function 2 showed that mental health symptoms including only aroused aspects were related with decrease in exhaustion and increase in cynicism. Thus, a conclusive intervention program seems to be required to deal with both aroused and non-aroused affects of students who are experiencing increased exhaustion and cynicism. On the other hand, an intervention program focused on aroused affects seems appropriate to students who are experiencing decreased exhaustion and increased cynicism. This study has its value in that it has enhanced understanding of students in school and counseling settings by revealing the relationships between mental health and academic burnout among adolescents and suggested differentiated intervention strategies based on patterns of students' academic burnout.
- keywords
- short-term longitudinal study, academic burnout, mental health, 단기종단, 학업소진, 정신건강, short-term longitudinal study, academic burnout, mental health
Reference
강승호, 정은수 (1999). 고등학생들의 스트레스와 학업성적 및 정신건강간의 관계연구. 교육심리연구, 13(4), 405-424.
권금진 (2009). 초등학교 아동이 지각한 교실의 사회심리적 환경과 아동의 정서 및 학교생활적응과의 관계. 초등교육학연구, 16 (2), 21-40.
권석만 (1996). 우울과 불안의 관계; 유발생활사건과 인지내용에 있어서의 공통점과 차이점. 서울대학교, 5(1), 13-38.
김광일, 김재환, 원호택 (1984). 간이정신진단검사(SCL-90)의 한국어판 표준화 연구 Ⅲ. 정신건강연구, 2, 278-311.
김민애, 이상민, 신효정, 박양민, 이자영 (2010). 과중한 학업요구와 학업소진과의 관계: 통제감의 역할을 중심으로. 한국심리학회지 학교, 7(1), 69-84.
김종두 (1998). 자살에 대한 이론적 접근. 교육논총, 2, 307-332.
김혜숙 (2005). 학교생활만족 및 학업성취 설명 모형의 탐색-물리적, 작용적 학교환경, 소진경험과 자기조절의 관계, 청소년학연구, 12(4), 105-121.
남미숙 (1990). 국민학교 학생의 가정환경, 우울 및 학업성취. 건국대학교 대학원 석사학위 논문.
남영옥 (2005). 청소년의 인터넷 중독유형에 따른 위험요인 및 보호요인과 정신건강 비교연구. 한국사회복지학, 57(3), 195-222.
노혜숙 (1986). 일부 여자중학생의 자아개념 및 스트레스와 적응행동에 관한 연구. 서울대학교 석사학위청구논문.
류종훈(2005). 가출청소년의 정신건강에 관한 연구, 교정복지연구, 2, 1-19.
문경숙 (2006). 학업스트레스가 청소년의 자살충동에 미치는 영향: 부모와 친구에 대한 애착의 매개효과. 아동학회지, 27(5), 143- 157.
민하영 (2010). 유아교육기관 교사의 우울 및 동료교사/원장의 정서적 지지가 직무소진에 미치는 영향: 정서적 지지의 주효과와 완충효과를 중심으로. 아동학회지, 31(4), 1-14.
박병기 (2010). 시험불안 관련변인의 메타분석. 교육심리연구, 24(4), 875-894.
박인조, 민경환 (2005). 한국어 감정단어의 목록 작성과 차원 탐색. 한국심리학회: 사회 및 성격, 19(1), 109-129.
박일경, 이상민, 최보영, 이자영 (2010). 5요인 성격특성과 학업 소진과의 관계. 한국심리학회지 사회 및 성격, 24(1), 81-93.
배대식 (2009). 실패공포가 학업지연행동에 미치는 영향: 학업동기의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집, 2009, 462-463.
서울교육청 (2010). 서울시 교육청 통계집. 서울: 서울시 교육청.
신현균 (2000). 부정적 정서, 감정표현불능증, 신체감각 증폭지각 및 신체적 귀인이 신체화에 미치는 영향: 매개모델의 검증. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 19(1), 17-32.
신현균, 원호택 (1997). 한국판 감정표현불능증 척도 개발 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 219-231.
신현균, 원호택 (1998). 신체화의 인지특성 연구(Ⅱ): 신체화 환자의 신체감각에 대한 지각, 귀인 및 기억 편향. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 16(2), 219-231.
신현대, 이정기 (2008). 학교생활만족이 학업성취에 미치는 영향. 한국경영교육학회 학술발표대회논문집, 93-101.
신현숙 (2009). 단기종단연구를 통한 아동기 우울과 학업적-사회적-행동적 유능성의 관계. 청소년학연구, 16(3), 73-98.
오미향, 천성문 (1994). 청소년의 학업스트레스요인 및 증상 분석과 그 감소를 위한 명상훈련의 효과. 인간이해, 15, 63-96.
오홍철 (2001). 호텔관광경영분야 연구에서 정준상관분석 기법의 활용 및 예시. 산업혁신연구, 17(1), 173-186.
원호택, 이민규 (1987). 고등학교 재학생들의 스트레스. 임상심리학회지, 6(1), 22-32.
윤은종, 김희수 (2005). 청소년의 생활양식 유형과 정신건강 및 학교적응과의 관계. 청소년복지연구, 7(2), 105-120.
이동훈, 정원식, 신효정, 이창호, 박관성, 송은미, 백윤미 (2007). 위기청소년 반사회적 행동 예방 및 개입 프로그램 개발연구Ⅱ. 한국청소년상담원, 2007, 1-92.
이미리 (1995). 고3 청소년의 시험스트레스와의 관계를 중심으로. 대한가정학회지, 33 (5), 89-98.
이상준 (2003). 인터넷 섹스중독 청소년의 심리사회적특성과 정신건강 연구. 한국사회복지학, 55, 341-364.
이영복, 이상민, 이자영 (2010). 한국형 학업소진 척도 개발 및 타당화. 한국교육학연구, 15(3), 59-78.
이영복 (2009). 청소년의 학업 소진 척도 개발 및 타당화 연구. 고려대학교 교육대학원 석사학위논문.
이영준 (2002). 정준상관분석의 이해. 서울: 도서출판 석정.
이자영 (2010). 과도한 학업요구와 학업소진의 관계에서 성취목표의 매개효과. 상담학연구, 11(4), 1551-1565.
이주현, 이순묵 (2002). 시험불안과 동기. 한국교육심리학회, 16(3), 181-196.
이훈구 (1986). 내외통제성: 한국 초ㆍ중ㆍ고 학생의 내외통제 경향성. 학생생활연구. 충북대학교 학생생활 연구소. 5, 41-60
임규혁 (1991). 학업성취의 누적적 경험과 정신건강. 교육문제연구, 4, 23-90.
통계청 (2010). 2010 청소년 통계. 서울: 저자.
현진원 (1992). 완벽주의 성향과 평가수준이 과제수행에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회 연차학술발표대회 논문집, 1992, 463-472.
Bakker, A. B., Schaufeli, W. B., Sixma, H. J., Bosveld, W., & van Dierendonck, D. (2000). Patient dem&s, lack of reciprocity, and burnout: a five-year longitudinal study among general practitioners. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 21, 425–441.
Barsky, A. J., & Klerman, G. L. (1983). Overview: Hypochondriasis, bodily complaints, & somatic styles. American Journal of Psychiatry, 140, 273-283.
Borg, M. G., Riding, R. J., & Falzon, J. M. (1991). Towards a model for the determinants of occupational stress among school teachers, European Journal of Psychology of Education, 6, 355-373.
Capel, S. A. (1991). A longitudinal study of burnout in teachers, British Journal of Educational Psychology, 61, 36-45.
Chung, M. C., & Harding, C. (2009). Investigating burnout & psychological well-being of staff working with people with intellectual disabilities & challenging behaviour: The role of personality. Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 22, 549–560.
Christensen, J. (1983). An exposition of canonical correlation in leisure research. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(4), 311-322.
Cohen, J. (2003). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Association Inc.
Deary, I. J., Agius, R.M., Sadler, A. (1996). Personality & stress in consultant psychiatrists. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 42, 112-123.
Derogatis, L., Lipman, R., & Covi, L. (1973). SCL-90: An outpatient psychiatric rating scale-preliminary report. Psychopharmacological Bulletin, 9, 13-28.
De Jonge, J., & Schaufeli, W.B. (1998). Job characteristics & employee well-being: A test of Warr's vitamin model in health care workers using structural equation modeling. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 19, 387-407.
De Jonge, J., van Breukelen, G.J.P., L&eweerd, J. A., & Nijhuis, F.J.N. (1999). Comparing group & individual level assessments of job characteristics in testing the job-control model: A multilevel approach. Human Relations, 52, 95-122.
Dyrbye, Liselotte N. MD., Thomas, Matthew R. MD., Huntington, Jefrey L., Lawson, Karen L. MD., Novotny, Paul J. MS., Sloan, Jeff A. PhD., Shanafelt, Tait D. MD. (2006). Personal life events & medical student burnout: a multicenter study. Academic Medicine, 81(4), 374-384.
El-Bassel, N., Guterman, N., Bargal, D., & Su, K.H. (1998). Main and buffering effects of emotional support on job- and health-related strains: A national survey of Israeli social workers. Employee Assistance Quarterly, 13(3), 1-18.
Ellsworth, P. C., & Smith, C.A. (1988). From appraisal to emotion: Differences among unpleasant feelings. Motivation and emotion, 12(3), 271-303.
F. Hair, J., E. &erson, R., L. Tatham, R., & C. Black, W. (1995). Multivariate data analysis with readings. USA: Upper Saddle River, NJ.
Faber, B. A. (2000). Treatment strategies for different types of teacher burnout. JCLP/In Session: Psychotherapy in Practice, 56(5), 675-689.
Freudenberger, H. J. (1974). Staff burnout. Journal of Environmental Issues, 30, 159-165.
Gan, Y., Shang, J.. Zhang, Y. (2007). Coping, flexibility & locus of control as predictors of burnout among Chinese colleges students. Social Behavior & Personality, 35(8), 1087-1098.
Glass, D. C., McKnight, J. D., & Valdimarsdottir, H. (1993). Depression, burnout and perceptions of control in hospital nurses. Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology, 61(1), 147-155.
Gold, Y., & Michael, W.B. (1985). Academic self-concept correlates of potential burnout in a sample of first-semester elementary school practice teacher: A concurrent validity study. Educational & Psychological Measurement, 45, 909-914.
Gold, Y. (1988). Recognizing & coping with academic burnout. Contemporary Education, 59(3), 142-145.
Golembieski, R.T., Munzenrider, R. F., Scherb, K., & Billingsley, W.(1992). Burnout and psychiatric cases': early evidences of an association. Anxiety Stress Coping, 1992(5), 69-78.
Grundy, S. E. (2000). Perceived work-related stressors, personality & degree of burnout in firefighters, Dissertation Abstracts International, 61(3), 1685.
Hackman, J. J., Bakker, A. B., & Schaufeli, W. B. (2006), Burnout & work engagement among teachers, Journal of School Psychology, 43(6), 493-513.
Harris, P. L. (1984). Assessing burnout: The organizational & individual perspective. Family Community Health, 6(4), 32-43.
Qiao Hu, Wilmar B. Schaufeli (2009). The factorical validity fo the Maslach burnout inventory survey in china 1. Psychological Reports, 105(2), 394-408.
Jacobs, S. R., & Dodd, D. K. (2003). Student burnout as a function of personality, social support, & workload. Journal of College Student Development, 44(3), 291-303.
Katon, W. (1986). Panic disorder: Epidemiology, diagnosis, & treatment in primary care. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 47, 21-27
Katon, W., Kleinman, A., & Rosen, G. (1982). Depression and somatization, a review: Part Ⅰ. American Journal of Medicine, 72(1), 127-135.
Kyriacou, C. (2001), Teacher stress: Direction for future research. Educational Review, 53(1), 27-35.
Lattanzi, M. E. (1981). Coping with work-related losses. The Personnel and Guidance Journal., 59(6), 350-351.
Lazarus, R. S., & Lazarus, B. N. (1994). Passiom and reason: Making sense of our emotion. New York: Oxford University Press.
Jayoung Lee, Ana Puig, Young-Bin Kim, Hyojung Shin, Ji Hee Lee, Sang Min Lee (2010). Academic burnout profiles in korean adolescents. Stress and Health, 26(5), 404-416.
Lee, M., & Larson, R. (2000). The Korean examination hell: Long hours of studing, distress, & depression. Journal of Youth & adolescence, 29(2), 249-271.
Leiter, M.P. & Durup, J. (1994). The discriminant validity of burnout and depression: a confirmatory factor analytic study. Anxiety Stress Coping, 1994(7), 357-373.
Lieke, L., ter Hoeven, C. L., Bakker, A. B., & Peper, B. (2011). Breaking through the loss cycle of burnout: The role of motivation. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 84(2), 268-287
Manlove, E. E. (1993). Multiple correlates of burnout in child care workers. Early Childhood Research Quarterly, 8(4), 499-518.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1981). The Maslach Burnout Inventory. Palo Alto, San Francisco: CA Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., & Jackson, S. E. (1986), Maslach Burnout Inventory Manual. Palo Alto, San Francisco: CA Consulting Psychologists Press.
Maslach, C., & Shaufeli, W. B. (1993). Historical conceptual development of burnout: Schaufeli, W. B., Maslach, C., Marek, T., Professional Burnout: Recent developments in theory and research. London: Taylor and Francis
McCarthy, M. P., Pretty, G. M., & Catano, V. (1990). Psychological sense of community & student burnout. Journal of College Student Development, 31(3), 211-216.
McKnight, J. D., Glass, D. (1995). Perceptions of control, burnout and depressive symptomatology: a replication & extension. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1995 Jun 63(3), 490-494.
Mills, L. B. (1995). A longitudinal analysis of burnout among school psychologists. Dissertation Abstracts International, 56(6), 3456B.
Meier, S. F., & Schmeck, R. R. (1985). The burned-out college student: a descriptive profile. Journal of College Student Personnel, 1, 63-69.
Omizo, M. M., Omezo, S. A., & Suzuki, I. A. (1988). Children & stress: An exploratory study of stressors & symptoms. The Journal of Medical Psychology, 60, 169-180.
Romano, J. M., &Turner, J. A. (1985). Chronic pain & depression; does the evidence support a relationship? Psychological Bulletin, 97, 18-34.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumflex model of affect. Journal of Personality & Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.
Schaufeli, W. B., Martínez, I. M., Pinto, A. M., Salanova, M., & Bakker, A. B. (2002). Burnout & engagement in university students. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 33(5), 464.
Schaufeli, W. B. & Taris, T. W.(2005). The conceptualization & measurement of burnout: Common ground & worlds apart. Work and Stress, 19(3), 256-262.
Smith, P., & Beaton, D. (2008). Measuring change in psychosocial working conditions: Methodological issues to consider when data are collected at baseline and one follow-up time point. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 65(4), 288-295.
Thoresen, C. J., Kaplan, S. A., Barskey, A.P., Warren, C.R., & Chermont, K. (2003). The affective underpinnings of job perceptions and attitudes: A meta-analytic review & integration. Psychological Bulletin, 129(6), 914-945.
Toker, S., Shirom, A., Shapira, I., Berliner, S., Melamed, S. (2005). The Association Between Burnout, Depression, Anxiety, and Inflammation Biomarkers: C-Reactive Protein and Fibrinogen in Men and Women. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 10(4), 344-362.
Vasalampi, K, Salmela-Aro, k., & Nurmi, j. (2009). Adolescents’ Self-concordance, school engagement, & burnout predict their educational trajectories. European Psychologist, 14(4), 1-11.
Yang, H. (2004). Factors affecting student burnout & academic achievement in multiple enrollment programs in Taiwan’s technical- vocational colleges. International Journal of Educational Development, 24(3), 283-301.
Zellars, K. L., Perrewe, P. L., & Hochwarter, W. A. (2000). Burnout in health care: The role of the five factors of personality. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 30, 1570-1598.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations