- Apply for Authority
- KOREAN
- P-ISSN2287-8327
- E-ISSN2288-1220
- SCOPUS, KCI
ISSN : 2287-8327
Sex ratios and spatial structure of the dioecious tree Torreya nucifera in Jeju Island, Korea
- Downloaded
- Viewed
Abstract
The sex ratio and spatial structure of different sexes are major components that affect the reproductive success and population persistence of dioecious plants. The differential reproductive costs between male and female plants are often believed to cause a biased sex ratio and spatial segregation of the sexes through slower growth and/or lower female survivorship. In this study, we examined the sex ratio and spatial structure of one population of Torreya nucifera trees in Jeju Island, Korea. We also tested the effects of the current tending actions in relation to tree vitality. At the population level, the sex ratio of the 2,861 trees was significantly biased toward males; however, it also showed considerable variation among different diameter at breast height classes and across habitats according to terrain level (from upper to lower). In 1999, before tree management (tending) began, among the ecological traits examined, only climber coverage correlated with tree vitality. Intensive tending such as climber removal since 1999 clearly enhanced the vitality of the majority of trees, but its effects were more conspicuous in medium-sized trees than in small ones, in upper terrain trees than those in other terrains, and in females than in males. Both male tree domination in small and large trees and tending effects on females are likely to reflect the effects of female reproductive costs regarding growth and/or survivorship. Spatial segregation between males and females was not observed in T. nucifera. Habitat heterogeneity created by the forest’s rocky ground and its implications regarding sex ratios and spatial structure require further studies.
- keywords
- dioecy, sex ratio, spatial pattern, tending, Torreya nucifera
Reference
Allen GA, Antos JA. 1993. Sex ratio variation in the dioecious shrub Oemleria cerasiformis. Am Nat 141: 537-553.
Armstrong JE, Irvine AK. 1989. Flowering, sex ratios, pollen-ovule ratios, fruit set, and reproductive effort of a dioecious tree, Myristica insipida (Myristicaceae), in two different rain forest communities. Am J Bot 76: 74-85.
Barrett SCH, Yakimowski SB, Field DL, Pickup M. 2010. Ecological genetics of sex ratios in plant populations. Philos Trans R Soc B Biol Sci 365: 2549-2557.
Bawa KS, Opler PA. 1977. Spatial relationships between staminate and pistillate plants of dioecious tropical forest trees. Evolution 31: 64-68.
Bierzychudek P, Eckhart V. 1988. Spatial segregation of the sexes of dioecious plants. Am Nat 132: 34-43.
Bukjeju-gun. 1971. Survey of Torreya Forest. Bukjeju-gun, Jeju. (in Korean)
Crawford RMM, Balfour J. 1990. Female-biased sex ratios and differential growth in arctic willows. Flora 184: 291-302.
Dawson TE, Bliss LC. 1989. Patterns of water use and the tissue water relations in the dioecious shrub, Salix arctica: the physiological basis for habitat partitioning between the sexes. Oecologia 79: 332-343.
Donoghue MJ, Bell CD, Li J. 2001. Phylogenetic patterns in Northern Hemisphere plant geography. Int J Plant Sci 162(6 Suppl): S41-S52.
Environmental Systems Research Institute. 2008. Arc/Info User’s Guide. Ver. 9.3. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
Fisher RA. 1930. The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection. Dover, New York.
Forero-Montaña J, Zimmerman JK, Thompson J. 2010. Population structure, growth rates and spatial distribution of two dioecious tree species in a wet forest in Puerto Rico. J Trop Ecol 26: 433-443.
Freeman DC, Klikoff LG, Harper KT. 1976. Differential resource utilization by the sexes of dioecious plants. Science 193: 597-599.
Gao P, Kang M, Wang J, Ye Q, Huang H. 2009. Neither biased sex ratio nor spatial segregation of the sexes in the subtropical dioecious tree Eurycorymbus cavaleriei (Sapindaceae). J Integr Plant Biol 51: 604-613.
Grant MC, Mitton JB. 1979. Elevational gradients in adult sex ratios and sexual differentiation in vegetative growth rates in Populus tremuloides Michx. Evolution 33: 914-918.
Hong YP, Cho KJ, Kim YY, Shin EM, Pyo SK. 2000. Diversity of ISSR variants in the populations of Torreya nucifera. J Korean For Soc 89: 167-172.
Houle G, Duchesne M. 1999. The spatial pattern of a Juniperus communis var. depressa population on a continental dune in subarctic Québec, Canada. Can J For Res 29: 446-450.
Hultine KR, Bush SE, West AG, Ehleringer JR. 2007. Population structure, physiology and ecohydrological impacts of dioecious riparian tree species of western North America. Oecologia 154: 85-93.
Jing SW, Coley PD. 1990. Dioecy and herbivory: the effect of growth rate on plant defense in Acer negundo. Oikos 58: 369-377.
Kang H. 1993. Genetic effects on seed and seedling traits of Japanese nutmeg (Torreya nucifera S.) in Cheju Island. I. Variation in seed weight. Bull KACN Ser 12: 51-60.
Kim YD, Kwon YC. 1989. Cytogenetic and physiological studies in natural populations of Torreya nucifera. J Korean For Soc 78: 42-54. (in Korean)
Kim YS. 1985. Phytogeographic distribution of genus Torreya of the world. J Resour Dev 4: 143-150.
Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. Climatological Normals of Korea (2001-2010). Korea Metropolitan Administration, Seoul. (in Korean)
Korea Tree Health Association (KTHA). 1999. Torreya nucifera Forest in Gujwa-eup: Conservation and Maintenance Measures. Bukjeju-gun, Jeju. (in Korean)
Lawton RO, Cothran P. 2000. Factors influencing reproductive activity of Juniperus virginiana in the Tennessee Valley. J Torrey Bot Soc 127: 271-279.
Lee SG. 2005. Genetic conservation strategy in the natural population of Torreya nucifera in Kujwa-eup, Cheju, Korea. MS Thesis. Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. (in Korean)
Lee SG. 2009. Studies on the biota, growth characteristics, and vegetational changes in relation to tending care intensity and conservation measures of the Torreya nucifera Forest in Gujwa-eup, Jeju, Korea. PhD Dissertation. Sangji University, Wonju, Korea. (in Korean)
Lee TB. 2003. Coloured Flora of Korea. Hyangmoonsa, Seoul, p 128. (in Korean)
Lloyd DG. 1973. Sex ratios in sexually dimorphic Umbelliferae. Heredity 31: 239-249.
Lloyd D, Webb CJ. 1977. Secondary sex characters in plants. Bot Rev 43: 177-216.
Malizia A, Grau HR. 2006. Liana-host tree associations in a subtropical montane forest of north-western Argentina. J Trop Ecol 22: 331-339.
Milne RI, Abbott RJ. 2002. The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Adv Bot Res 38: 281-314.
Nicotra AB. 1998. Sex ratio variation and spatial distribution of Siparuna grandiflora, a tropical dioecious shrub. Oecologia 115: 102-113.
Nuñez CI, Nuñez MA, Kitzberger T. 2008. Sex-related spatial segregation and growth in a dioecious conifer along environmental gradients in northwestern Patagonia. Ecoscience 15: 73-80.
Obeso JR, Alvarez-Santullano M, Retuerto R. 1998. Sex ratios, size distributions, and sexual dimorphism in the dioecious tree Ilex aquifolium (Aquifoliaceae). Am J Bot 85: 1602-1608.
Opler PA, Bawa KS. 1978. Sex ratios in tropical forest trees. Evolution 32: 812-821.
Ornduff R. 1985. Male-biased sex ratios in the cycad Macrozamia riedlei (Zamiaceae). Bull Torrey Bot Club 112: 393-397.
Ortiz PL, Arista M, Talavera S. 1998. Low reproductive success in two subspecies of Juniperus oxycedrus L. Int J Plant Sci 159: 843-847.
Ortiz PL, Arista M, Talavera S. 2002. Sex ratio and reproductive effort in the dioecious Juniperus communis subsp. alpina (Suter) Čelak. (Cupressaceae) along an altitudinal gradient. Ann Bot 89: 205-211.
Osunkoya OO. 1999. Population structure and breeding biology in relation to conservation in the dioecious Gardenia actinocarpa (Rubiaceae): a rare shrub of North Queensland rainforest. Biol Conserv 88: 347-359.
Queenborough SA, Burslem DFRP, Garwood NC, Valencia R. 2007. Determinants of biased sex ratios and inter-sex costs of reproduction in dioecious tropical forest trees. Am J Bot 94: 67-78.
Renner SS, Ricklefs RE. 1995. Dioecy and its correlates in the flowering plants. Am J Bot 82: 596-606.
Sakai AK. 1990. Sex ratios of red maple (Acer rubrum) populations in northern lower Michigan. Ecology 71: 571-580.
SAS. 2008. SAS/STAT Software. Ver. 9.2. SAS Institute, Cary, NC.
Schmidt JP. 2008. Sex ratio and spatial pattern of males and females in the dioecious sandhill shrub, Ceratiola ericoides ericoides (Empetraceae) Michx. Plant Ecol 196: 281-288.
Schnitzer SA, Bongers F. 2002. The ecology of lianas and their role in forests. Trends Ecol Evol 17: 223-230.
Shin HC, Lee GS, Park NC, Jung SY. 2010. Vegetation structure of the Torreya nucifera stand in Korea. J Korean For Soc 99: 312-322. (in Korean)
Song ST. 2000. Distributions and lithology of the aa rubble flows on Cheju Island, Korea. PhD Dissertation. Pusan National University, Busan, Korea. (in Korean)
Song ST, Kim HC, Kim DS, Yu SP, Jwa SH. 2007. Gotjawal of Jeju. The National Folk Museum of Korea, Seoul. (in Korean)
Thomas SC, LaFrankie JV. 1993. Sex, size, and interyear variation in flowering among dioecious trees of the Malayan rain forest. Ecology 74: 1529-1537.
Tibbetts TJ, Ewers FW. 2000. Root pressure and specific conductivity in temperate lianas: exotic Celastrus orbiculatus (Celastraceae) vs. native Vitis riparia (Vitaceae). Am J Bot 87: 1272-1278.
Ueno N, Suyama Y, Seiwa K. 2007. What makes the sex ratio female-biased in dioecious tree Salix sachalinensis? J Ecol 95: 951-959.
Wiegand T. 2010. Programita, a Software to Perform Point Pattern Analysis with Ripley’s L and O-Ring Statistic. Department of Ecological Modelling, UFZ-Centre for Environmental Research, Leipzig.
Wiegand T, Moloney KA. 2004. Rings, circles, and null-models for point pattern analysis in ecology. Oikos 104: 209-229.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations