- KOREAN
- P-ISSN2287-8327
- E-ISSN2288-1220
- SCOPUS, KCI
ISSN : 2287-8327
Spatial distribution of vegetation along the environmental gradient on the coastal cliff and plateau of Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea
Abstract
Background: Cliffs are a major plant habitat around the coastal area, but in contrast to sand dunes and salt marshes, they have been little investigated in Korea. There are simple descriptions of cliff vegetation in studies on island vegetation, but there is no published paper, which addressed sea cliff vegetation synthetically. Furthermore, the coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve. Even though, this area is exposed to intense recreational use such as trekking in these days. This study aims to clarify spatial distribution and structure of vegetation along the environmental gradient on coastal cliff and plateau in the Janggi peninsula (Homigot) located on southeastern Korea. Further, this study has also another objective to prepare a restoration plan to protect this conservation reserve from intense human disturbance. Results: Landscape elements were arranged in the order of sea cliff risen directly on the sea, seashore, coastal cliff, and plateau covered with relatively deep soil in a coastal area of the Janggi peninsula (Homigot), southeastern Korea. Vegetation was sampled at 59 plots arranged from the sea cliff through the seashore and coastal cliff to plateau. The sea cliff, seashore, and coastal cliff, which compose the coastal landscape, were dominated by the seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community, dwarf sand sedge (Carex pumila Thunb.) community, and seashore spatulate aster (Aster spathulifolius Maxim.) community. On the plateau corresponding to the ridge of the coastal cliff, black pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) community, golden rain tree (Koelreuteria paniculata Laxmann) community, east Asian hackberry (Celtissinensis Pers.) community, sawleaf zelkova (Zelkova serrata Makino) community, and Korean oak (Quercus dentata Thunb.) community were established in the mentioned order along distance from the sea. Stand ordination showed a vegetation sequence from the seashore through the cliff to the plateau, consistent in its overall pattern among sites. This was dominated by topography. There is evidence for the importance also of salinity, drought and of soil depth. Conclusion: The lack of scientific interest in cliffs to date is in striking contrast to the commonness of cliffs around the whole national territory and to the attraction cliffs have had for humans throughout history. Cliffs provide a unique habitat, rarely investigated from an ecological viewpoint. Cliffs may represent an invaluable type of ecosystem, consisting of some of the least disturbed habitats on earth and contributing more to the biodiversity of a region than their surface coverage would indicate. Although this coastal area where this study was carried out was designated as a conservation reserve, this area is in danger of severe disturbance due to excessive recreational use. We recommended a restoration plan to protect this area from such a disturbance.
- keywords
- Environmental gradient, Janggi peninsula (Homigot), Plateau, Sea cliff, Spatial distribution, Vegetation sequence
Reference
Andrew J, Malloch C, Bamidele JF, Scott AM. The phytosociology of British seacliff vegetation with special reference to the ecophysiology of some maritime cliff plants. Vegetatio. 1985;62:309–17.
Aronson JC, Blatt CM, Aronson TB. Restoring ecosystem health to improve human health and well-being: physicians and restoration ecologists unite in a common cause. Ecol Soc. 2016;21(4):39.
Braun-Blanquet J. Pflanzensoziologie, Grundzüge der Vegetationskunde. Dritte Auflage ed. Wien-New York: Springer Verlag; 1964.
Canadian Parks Council. Principles and guidelines for ecological restoration in Canada’s protected natural areas. Quebec: National Parks Directorate Parks Canada Agency Gatineau; 2007.
Choi BK, Kim JW, Kim SY, Lim JC. Vegetation of Jangdo Island. Kor J Env Eco. 2012;26(4):512–27.
Curtis JT, McIntosh RP. An upland forest continuum in the prairie-forest border region of Wisconsin. Ecology. 1951;32:476–98.
Doody PJ. Sea cliffs & sea cliff vegetation. In: Doody PJ, editor. Coastal conservation and management: an ecological perspective; 2001. p. 25–52.
Gann GD, Lamb D. Ecological restoration: a means of conserving biodiversity and sustaining livelihoods. A call to action by the ecological restoration joint working group of SER. In: Gann GD, Lamb D, editors. Ecological Restoration. Arizona: Society for Ecological Restoration International and International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources; 2006. p. 6.
Goldsmith FB. The vegetation of exposed sea cliffs at South Stack, Anglesey: II. Experimental studies. J Ecol. 1973;61(3):819–29.
Han YU. The characteristics of halophyte vegetation of salt marshes in the southern and western coasts of Korea (PhD dissertation). Muan: Mokpo National University; 2008.
Hepburn I. A study of the vegetation of sea-cliffs in North Cornwall. J Ecol. 1943; 31(1):30–9.
Ihm BS. Distribution of coastal plant communities in response to soil water potential and plant osmotic adjustment (PhD dissertation). Seoul: Seoul National University; 1989.
Ihm BS, Lee JS, Kim JW, Kim HS, Ihm HB. Studies on the vegetation at the wetland of Suncheon-Man. Bull Inst Litt Envi Mokpo Natl Univ. 1998a;15:1–8.
Ihm BS, Lee JS, Kim JW, Kim HS, Ihm HB. Studies on the vegetation distribution and biomass at the wetland of Hampyung-Man. Bull Inst Litt Envi Mokpo Natl Univ. 1998b;15:9–20.
Jones L, Garbutt A, Hansom J, Angus S. Impacts of climate change on coastal habitats. MCCIP Science Review. 2013:167–79.
Jung YK, Kim JW. A comparative study on mantle communities in South Korea and Japan. Kor J Env Eco. 1998;21(1):81–8.
Kennedy DM, Dickson ME. Cliffed coasts of New Zealand: perspectives and future directions. J R Soc N Z. 2007;37(2):41–57. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014220709510535.
Kim CH, Lee KB, Kim JD, Cho TD, LimMS. The study on the flora and vegetation of salt marshes of Dongjin-river estuary in Jeonbuk. J Environ Sci Int. 2005;14:817–25.
KimHJ, Shin HS, Han SH, Ko SY, Kang HJ, Lee SH, Lee CY, KimCB, Bae YT, Shin JK, Yun CW. Type classification of vegetation on the coastal sand dune and comparisons of mineral nutrients in soil and plant. J Korean For Soc. 2013;102(3):345–54.
Kim HS. Vegetation and value grade for vegetation conservation in the uninhabited island: case studies in southwestern coast of Jeollanam-do. Nat Conserv. 2012;160:34–45.
Kim HS, Cho JS, Lee JH, Lee JS. Soil environment of halophyte habitat in golaebul coastal sand-dunes of east coast. J Korean isl. 2009;21:333–40.
Klaudisova A, Osbornova J. Abandoned fields in the region. In: Osbornova J, Kovarova M, Leps J, Prach K, editors. Succession and abandoned fields: studies in Central Bohemia, Czechoslovakia. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publisher; 1990. p. 7–21.
Korea Meteorological Administration. Climatological normals of Korea: 1981–2010. Seoul: Korea Meteorological Administration; 2011.
Korea National Arboretum. Korean Plant Names Index. 2003. http://www.nature.go.kr/kbi/plant/pilbk/selectPlantPilbkGnrlList.do. Accessed 11 Jan 2018.
Larson DW, Matthes U, Kelly PE. Cliff ecology: pattern and process in cliff ecosystems. New York: Cambridge University Press; 2005.
Lee CS, Kim HE, Park HS, Kang SJ, Cho HJ. Structure and maintenance mechanism of Koelreuteria Paniculata community. J Ecol Environ. 1993;16(4): 377–95.
Lee HJ, Kim JH, Chun YM, Jeong HR. Community ecology on forest vegetation in Yeongjongdo island. Kor J Env Eco. 2003;26(5):223–36.
Lee JS. On establishment of halophytes along tidal level gradient at salt marshes of Mankyong and Dongjin river estuaries (PhD dissertation). Seoul: Seoul National University; 1989.
Lee JS, Ilm BS, Myeong HH, Park JW, Kim HS. Soil environment analysis and habitat of halophyte for restoration in the salt marshes of southern and western coasts of Korea. Korean J Plant Res. 2009;22:102–10.
Lee JS, Kim JK. Factors affecting plant distribution in salt marsh of Mankyong river and Donjin river estuaries. Nat Sci Res Kunsan Natl Univ. 1988;3:45–59.
Lee SM, Cho YC, Lee CS. Feasibility of seed bank for restoration of salt marsh: a case study around the Gwangyang Bay, southern Korea. Kor J Env Eco. 2012; 35(2):1–7.
Lee TB. Illustrated Flora of Korea. Hyangmoonsa: Seoul; 1985.
McDonald T, Gann GD, Jonson J, Dixon KW. International standards for the practice of ecological restoration – including principles and concepts. 1st ed. Washington DC: Society for Ecological Restoration; 2016.
Millenium Ecosystem Assessment. Ecosystem and human well-being. Millenium Ecosystem Assessment; 2005.
Min BM. Changes of soil and vegetation in coastal reclaimed lands, west coast of Korea (PhD dissertation). Seoul: Seoul National University; 1985.
Naveh Z. From biodiversity to ecodiversity: a landscape-ecology approach to conservation and restoration. Restor Ecol. 1994;2(3):180–9.
Park SH. Colored illustrations of naturalized plants of Korea. Ilchokak: Seoul; 1995.
Partridge TR, Wilson JB. Plant communities at Aramoana. In: The ecology of Aramoana, Otago Harbour. Dunedi: Dunedin Metropolitan Regional Planning Authority; 1975.
Primack RB. A primer of conservation biology. Fourth edition. Sunderland: Sinauer Associates Inc; 2008.
Ramesh R, Srinivasalu S, Sathya S, Rajalakshmi K, Kumaravel P. Coastal cliffs of India. ENVIS - MOEF&CC Newsletter on Coastal Zone Management and Coastal Shelter Belt. 2017;16(1):1–27.
Rozema J, Van Manen Y, Vugts HF, Leusink A. Airborne and soilborne salinity and the distribution of coastal and inland species of the genus Elytrigia. Acta Bot Neerl. 1983;32(5–6):447–56.
Shin HS, Kim TG, Yun CW. Phytosociological vegetation classification and flora for the mid-west coast in Korea. J Apic. 2015;30(4):315–29.
Song HS, Cho W, Ahn YH. Vegetation at sea cliffs of uninhabited islets of Ganghwa-gun. Korea Kor J Env Eco. 2008;22:453–60.
Song HS, Cho W, Park YJ. Distribution pattern of growth plants with Peucedanum japonicum Thunb. Community in sea cliff plants, Korea. Kor J Env Eco. 2009;23:346–52.
SPSS for Windows, V. 12.0, SPSS Inc., Copyright©2003, Chicago, IL, USA.
Stolton S, Dudley N, Avcıoğlu ÇB, Hunter D, Ivanić KZ, Kanga E, Kettunen M, Kumagai Y, Maxted N, Senior J, Wong M, Keenleyside K, Mulrooney D, Waithaka J. Values and benefits of protected areas. In: Worboys GL, Lockwood M, Kothari A, Feary S, Pulsford I, editors. Protected area governance and management. Canberra: ANU Press; 2015. p. 145–68.
Ter Braak CJF. CANOCO: a FOTRAN program for canonical community ordination by (partial) (detrended) (canonical) correspondence analysis, principle component analysis, and redundancy analysis (Version 2.1). Wageningen: TNO Institute of Applied Computer Science; 1987. p. 126.
Wilson JB, Cullen C. Coastal cliff vegetation of the Catlins region Otago, South Island, New Zealand. NZ J B. 1986;24(4):567–74.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations