ISSN : 1225-3480
Metallothionein (MT) is a metal-binding protein with a small molecular weight that can be induced by factors such as metal ions and chemicals, and is widely present in various organisms. The high cysteine content of MT contributes to the regulation of intracellular metal concentration, detoxification of heavy metals, and it may be induced due to the environment exposed to heavy metals or oxidation stress. MT has been consistently studied as a taxonomic biomarker for various species, including mollusks. Aegista quelpartensis, a native species of Korea, has habitat in Jeju and Jindo island. DNAseq and transcriptome information is registered with NCBI's SRA, but no molecular phylogenetic studies have been conducted. RNA sequencing was performed using Illumina Hiseq 2500 to find the genetic information of A. quelpartensis. The unigene obtained through the de novo assembly was annotated according to the PANM database using the BLAST program, and the MT sequence consisting of 288 bp coding region and 96 amino acid residues was extracted. The bioinformatic analysis verified that A. quelpartensis was grouped in the Stylommatophora clad using the ClustalX and MEGA7 programs. This study confirmed the phylogenetic location of A. quelpartensis and the MT gene is sufficient gene that can be used in phylogenetic studies on Mollusca.
Andrews, G.K. (2000) Regulation of Metallothionein Gene Expression by Oxidative Stress and Metal Ions. Biochemical Pharmacology, 59(1): 95-104.
Arseniev, A., Schultze, P., Wörgötter, E., Braun, W., Wagner, G., Vašák, M., H.R.Kägi, J., and Wüthrich, K. (1988) Three-dimensional Structure of Rabbit Liver [Cd7] Metallothionein-2a in Aqueous Solution Determined by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Journal of Molecular Biology, 201(3): 637-657.
Baek, M.K., Lee, J.-S., Kang, S.W., Lee, J.B., Kang, H.J., Jo, Y.-H., Noh, M.-Y., Han, Y.S., Choi, S.-H., Park, S.-H.C.H.-S., Lee, J.-S., and Lee, Y.S. (2009)Phylogenetic Analysis based on Metallothionein Gene Sequence of an Indigenous Species Pisidium (Neopisidium) coreanum in Korea. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 25: 153-160.
Baršytė Lovejoy, D. (2012) Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediments and Mollusc Tissues. Acta Zoologica Lituanica, 9: 12-20.
Binz, P.-A., and Kagi, J.H.R. (1999) Metallothionein:Molecular evolution and classification. Advances in life Sciences. Metallothionein IV pp 7-13.
Braun, R.C., Pedretti*, K.T., Casavant, T.L., Scheetz, T.E., Birkett, C.L., and Roberts, C.A. (2001)Parallelization of local BLAST service on workstation clusters. Future Generation Computer Systems, 17(6):745-754.
Chung, J.M., Hwang, H.J., Sang, M.K., Min, H.R., Park, J.E., Cho, H.C., Kang, S.W., Park, S.Y., Kim, W.J., Jung, K.Y., Choi, C.Y., Han, Y.S., Lee, J.S., and Lee, Y.S. (2018) Reanalysis of molluscan metallothionein genes registered in NCBI. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 34: 157-167.
Dvorak, M., Schnegg, R., Niederwanger, M., Pedrini-Martha, V., Ladurner, P., Lindner, H., Kremser, L., Lackner, R., and Dallinger, R. (2019)Cadmium Pathways in Snails Follow a Complementary Strategy between Metallothionein Detoxification and Auxiliary Inactivation by Phytochelatins. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21(1): 1-14.
Haas, B.J., Papanicolaou, A., Yassour, M., Grabherr, M., Blood, P.D., Bowden, J., Couger, M.B., Eccles, D., Li, B., Lieber, M., MacManes, M.D., Ott, M., Orvis, J., Pochet, N., Strozzi, F., Weeks, N., Westerman, R., William, T., Dewey, C.N., Henschel, R., LeDuc, R.D., Friedman, N., and Regev, A. (2013) De novo transcript sequence reconstruction from RNA-seq using the Trinity platform for reference generation and analysis. Nat. Protoc., 8: 1494-1512.
Hirano, T., Kameda, Y., and Chiba, S. (2014) Phylogeny of the land snails Bradybaena and Phaeohelix (Pulmonata: Bradybaenidae) in Japan. Journal of Molluscan Studies, 80: 177-183.
Huang, C.W., Lee, Y.C., Lin, S.M., and Wu, W.L. (2014)Taxonomic revision of Aegista subchinensis (Mollendorff, 1884) (Stylommatophora, Bradybaenidae)and a description of a new species of Aegista from eastern Taiwan based on multilocus phylogeny and comparative morphology. Zookeys: 31-55.
Joshi, N., and Fass, J. (2011) Sickle: a sliding-window, adaptive, quality-based trimming tool for FastQ files. (http://github.com/najoshi/sickle). Kang, S.W., Park, S.Y., Patnaik, B.B., Hwang, H.J., Chung, J.M., Song, D.K., Park, Y.-S., Lee, J.S., Han, Y.S., Park, H.S., and Lee, Y.S. (2016) The Protostome database (PANM-DB): Version 2.0 release with updated sequences. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 32: 185-188.
Kang, S.W., Patnaik, B.B., Hwang, H.J., Park, S.Y., Wang, T.H., Park, E.B., Chung, J.M., Song, D.K., Patnaik, H.H., Lee, J.B., Kim, C., Kim, S., Park, H.S., Lee, J.S., Han, Y.S., and Lee, Y.S. (2016) De novo Transcriptome Generation and Annotation for Two Korean Endemic Land Snails, Aegista chejuensis and Aegista quelpartensis, Using Illumina Paired-End Sequencing Technology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17: 379.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., and Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7:Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0for Bigger Datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol., 33: 1870-1874.
Kwon, O.-k., and Lee, J.-S. (1991) Cytological Study of Aegista quelpartensis (Bradybaenidae) in Korea. The Korean Journal of the Environment, 30: 77-80.
Larkin, M.A., Blackshields, G., Brown, N.P., Chenna, R., McGettigan, P.A., McWilliam, H., Valentin, F., Wallace, I.M., Wilm, A., Lopez, R., Thompson, J.D., Gibson, T.J., and Higgins, D.G. (2007) Clustal W and Clustal X version 2.0. Bioinformatics, 23:2947-2948.
Lee, J.-S., and Kwon, O.-k. (1993) Morphological Analyses of 15 Species of Bradybaenidae in Korea. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 9(2): 44-56.
Lee, J.-S., Min, B.-J., Kang, S.W., Lee, J.B., Baek, M.K., Hwang, S.Y., Kim, S.H., Kho, W.-G., Choi, S.-H., Chae, S.-H., Park, H.-S., Han, Y.S., Lee, J.-S., Jeong, K.-H., and Lee, Y.S. (2008) Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Nesiohelix samarangae Based on Metallothionein Gene. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 24(1): 73-80.
Lee, J.S., and Son, M.H. (2012) Red Data Book of Endangered Mollusks in Korea pp:1-207.
LJ McGuffin, K Bryson, and Jones, D. (2000) The PSIPRED protein structure prediction server. Bioinformatics, 16(4): 404–405.
Lozupone, C., and Knight, R. (2005) UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 71:8228-8235.
Margoshes, M., and Vallee, B.L. (1957) A Cadmium protein from equine kidney cortex. Communications to the Editor, 79: 4813-4814
Martin, M. (2011) Cutadapt removes adapter sequences from high-throughput sequencing reads. EMBnet. journal., 1: 10-12.
Meloni, G., Zovo, K., Kazantseva, J., Palumaa, P., and Vasak, M. (2006) Organization and assembly of metal-thiolate clusters in epithelium-specific metallothionein-4. J. Biol. Chem., 281: 14588-14595.
Min, D.K., Lee J, S., Koh, D., and Je, J. (2004) Mollisks in Korea. Min Moulluscan Research Institute : p.363
Minato, H. (1985) Four species of subgenus coelorus pilsbry from Western Japan. Chiribotan, 16: 56–61.
Olson, S. (2002) Emboss opens up sequence analysis. Briefings in Bioinformatics, 3(1): 87–91
Park, J.E., Cho, H.C., Hwang, H.J., Chung, J.M., Sang, M.K., Min, H.R., Kang, S.W., Park, S.Y., Patnaik, B.B., Kim, W.J., Han, Y.S., Lee, J.S., and Lee, Y.S. (2018) Molecular Phylogenetics of Korean endemic land snail, Aegista chejuensis inferred from Metallothionein gene sequence. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 34: 59-65.
Ragusa, M.A., Nicosia, A., Costa, S., Cuttitta, A., and Gianguzza, F. (2017) Metallothionein Gene Family in the Sea Urchin Paracentrotus lividus: Gene Structure, Differential Expression and Phylogenetic Analysis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18(4): 1-26.
Trinchella, F., Riggio, M., Filosa, S., Parisi, E., and Scudiero, R. (2008) Molecular cloning and sequencing of metallothionein in squamates: new insights into the evolution of the metallothionein genes in vertebrates. Gene, 423: 48-56.
Y Kojima, and Kagi, J. (1978) Metallothionein. Trends in Biochemical Sciences, 3(2): 90–93.
Zhang, Y. (2008) I-TASSER server for protein 3D structure prediction. BMC Bioinformatics 9(40): 1-8.
