The Moderating Effects of Peer Support on the Relationship between Family Functioning, Self-differentiation, and Self-esteem among High School Students
Kyu Mee Lee (Ajou University)
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine whether self-differentiation mediates the relationship between adolescents’ family functioning and self-esteem and to examine whether peer support and family conflicts had moderated mediating effects. For this purpose, 522 students from four high schools in Gyeonggi province were surveyed about their family functioning, self-differentiation, self-esteem, and peer support. The results were analyzed using SPSS 21.0 and PROCESS. The mediating, modulating, and moderated mediating effects were analyzed. The results of this study were as follows. First, correlation analysis showed that family functioning, self-differentiation, self-esteem, and peer support were significantly positively correlated. Second, the moderated mediating effects of peer support were as follows. First, self-differentiation had a partial mediating effect in the relationship between family functioning and self-esteem such that family functioning and self-differentiation were positively correlated and self-differentiation and self-esteem were positively correlated. Second, peer support had a moderating effect in the relationship between family functioning and self-differentiation that promoted self-differentiation. Thus, peer support affected family functioning and self-differentiation. Third, verifying the moderated mediating model of peer support by combining the mediation model of self-differentiation and the moderation model of peer support identified above showed that self-differentiation mediated the relationship between family functioning and self-esteem. Thus, family support affected self-differentiation and self-differentiation affected self-esteem. The significance of this study was as follows. First, it showed that self-differentiation significantly mediated the relationship between family functioning and self-esteem, clarifying the relationship between family functioning and self-esteem. Second, it showed that peer support moderated the relationship between family functioning and self-differentiation, identifying a mechanism that promotes self-differentiation. Third, it showed the mediation of self-differentiation of the relationship between family functioning and self-esteem depended on peer support.
- keywords
- self-esteem, family functioning, self-differentiation, peer support, high school student
- Submission Date
- 2020-02-18
- Revised Date
- 2020-04-03
- Accepted Date
- 2020-04-03
Reference
곽윤영, 정문자 (2010). 부모의 양육태도 및 대학생의 경제적 자립도가 대학생의 심리적 안녕감 및 자기효능감에 미치는 영향. 한국청소년연구, 21(3), 121-141.
김경욱 (2015). 대학생의 가족기능과 자아분화가 대학생활적응에 미치는 영향. 울산대학교 석사학위논문.
김은경 (2004). 청소년이 지각한 가정의 역기능과 심리성숙도와의 관계. 인하대학교 석사학위논문.
김진영, 박승민 (2012). 기독교인 대학생이 지각한 부모양육태도와 자아분화 그리고 자아존중감 간의 관계. 한국기독교상담학회지, 23(2), 115-140.
김형진 (2013). 대학생의 자아분화와 인지적 정서조절의 매개효과. 가톨릭대학교 석사학위논문.
박미란, 이지연 (2007). 또래애착이 초기청소년기 우정관계의 자기노출에 미치는 영향: 자존감과 수치심의 매개효과를 중심으로. 청소년상담연구, 15(2), 81-95.
박민선 (2008). 청소년 가출빈도와 비행 또래수의 변화추정 및 두 효과 간 인과관계 검증. 한국청소년연구, 19(2), 111-139.
박상숙 (2012). 개인 가족치료를 한 애착과 자아분화 이론 연구. 한세대학교 박사학위논문.
박선아 (2011). 가족기능이 초등학생 인터넷 중독 경향에 미치는 영향: 자아존중감과 자기통제력의 매개효과를 중심으로. 한국교원대학교 석사학위논문.
박수경, 김영혜 (2015). 중학생의 또래동조성과 눈 사용정도 및 인식이 집단따돌림 가해경험에 미치는 영향. 청소년학연구, 22(1), 1-27.
박유화 (2001). 대학생의 가족응집성 및 자아분화 수준과 대학생활적응도의 관계 연구. 서울여자대학교 석사학위논문.
박지선, 김남희, 천성문 (2002). 대학생의 동료에 대한 애착정도와 자아분화 및 인간관계 성숙도와의 관계. 상담학연구, 3(2), 322-336.
방미화 (2018). 기독청소년의 자아분화 및 자기효능감과 진로성숙도와의 관계 연구. 가족과 상담, 8(1), 1-23.
양영화, 정주리 (2018). 모 자아분화가 자녀 자아분화와 모-자녀관계를 통해 아동의 또래관계 질에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회지: 학교, 15(3), 361-378.
유현욱, 홍혜영 (2015). 중학생의 또래애착과 SNS 중독경향성의 관계에서 자존감과 자존감 안정성의 매개효과. 한국심리학회: 상담 및 심리치료, 27(4), 977-999.
오세나 (2016). 부의 과보호와 남녀청소년의 자아분화 및 자아존중감의 관계. 한양대학교 석사학위논문.
이사라 (2000). 부모와 또래가 아동의 자아개념 발달에 미치는 영향에 관한 종단적 연구. 이화여자대학교 박사학위논문.
이선주, 임효진 (2018). 청소년이 지각한 부모의 양육태도와 자존감의 관계에서 학교급에 따른 또래애착의 조절효과. 한국초등교육, 29(3), 1-18.
이일현 (2014). EasyFlow 회귀분석. 서울: 한나래.
이훈진, 원호택 (1995). 자기개발과 편집증적 경향. 심리과학, 4(2), 15-29.
전귀연 (1993). 청소년이 지각한 가족응집성, 가족적응성 및 가족체계유형이 청소년 적응에 미치는 영향. 경북대학교 박사학위논문.
정경연 (2007). 부모 및 자녀의 자아분화수준과 아동이 지각한 세대간 가족관계가 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향. 부산대학교 박사학위논문.
정미혜 (2010). 역기능 가정의 부모 양육태도가 자녀의 낮은 자존감에 미치는 영향. 상명대학교 석사학위논문.
정채은 (2012). 아동이 지각한 가족기능이 행복감에 미치는 영향에서 자아존중감의 매개효과. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위논문.
정선호, 서동기 (2016). 회귀분석을 이용한 매개된 조절효과와 조절된 매개효과 검증 방법. 한국심리학회지: 일반, 35(1), 257- 282.
정채은 (2012). 아동이 지각한 가족기능이 행복감에 미치는 영향에서 자아존중감의 매개효과. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위논문.
조소연, 정주원 (2017). 중학생의 SNS중독 경향성에 있어 내현적 자기애와 소외감, 자아존중감의 관계. 한국가정과교육학회지, 29(3), 125-140.
조성희 (2011). Bowen의 자기분화 개념에 근거한 어머니의 양육 경험 탐구. 중앙대학교 박사학위논문.
주현주 (2017). 위탁모의 의사소통 유형이 아동의 유능감에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구: 또래지지의 조절효과를 중심으로. 목원대학교 석사학위논문.
홍명순 (2012). 가족기능이 청소년의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향. 상지대학교 석사학위논문.
Ainthworth, M. S. (1989). Attachments beyond infancy. American Psychologist, 44(4), 709-716.
Baldwin, M. W., Carrell, S. E., & Lopez. D. F. (1990). Priming relationship schemas: my advisor and the pope are watching me from the back of my mind. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 26(5), 435-454.
Baptist, J. A., Thompson, D. E., Norton, A. M., Hardy, N. R., & Link, C. D. (2012). The effects of the intergenerational transmission of family emotional processes on conflict styles: The moderating role of attachment. The American Journal of Family Therapy, 40(1), 56-73.
Beavers, W. R., & Voeller, M. N. (1983). Comparing and contrasting the Olson Circumplex Model with the Beavers System Model. Family Process, 22(1), 85-98..
Blos, P. (1979). The adolescent passage. New York: International Universties Press.
Bowen, M. (1978). Family therapy in clinical practice. New York & London: Aronson.
Brown, A. M. (1990). Development of visual sensitivity to light and color vision in human infants: A critical review. Vision Research, 30(8), 1159-1188.
Brown, B. B,, Clasen, D. R., Eicher, S. A (1986). Perceptions of peer pressure, peer conformity dispositions, and self-reported behavior among adolescents. Developmental Psychology, 22(4), 521-530.
Bucx, F., Van Wel, F., Knijn, T., & Hagendoorn., L. (2008). Intergenerational contact and the life course status of young adult children. Journal of Marriage and Family, 70(1), 144-156.
Campbell, J. D., Trapnell, P. D., Heine, S. J., Katz, I. M., Lavallee, L. F., & Lehman, D. R. (1996). Self-concept clarity: Measurement, personality correlates, and cultural boundaries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70(1), 141-156.
Cairns, R. B., Leung, M., Buchanan, L., & Cairns, B. D. (1995). Friendships and social networks in childhood and adolescence: Fluidity, reliability, and interrelations. Child Development, 66(5), 1330-1345.
Carpenter, H. N. (1990). A test of Bowen Family system theory: The relationship of differentiation of self and anxiety. Univ of Maryland, Ph. D., Dissertation Abstracts.
Cassidy, J., Kirsh, S. J., Scolton, K. L., & Parke, R. D. (1996). Attachment and representations of peer relationships. Developmental Psychology, 32(5), 892-904.
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. A. (1985). Stress, social support, and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98(2), 310-357.
Cole, D. A., Maxwell, S. E., Martin, J. M., Peake, L. G., Scoroczynski, A. D., Tram, J. M., Hoffman, K. B., Ruiz, M. D., Jicquez, F., & Maschman, T. (2001). The development of multiple domains of child and adolescent selfconcept: A cohort sequential longitudinal design. Child Development, 72(6), 1723-1746.
Cooley, C. H. (1902). Human nature and the social order. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons.
Cooper, C. R., Grotevant, H. D., & Condon, S. M. (1983). Individuality and connectedness in the family as a context for adolescent identity formation and role‐taking skill. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development. 1983(22), 43-59.
Curran, P. J., West, S. G., & Finch, J. F. (1996). The robustness of test statistics to nonnormality and specification error in confirmatory factor analysis. Psychological Methods, 1(1), 16.
Davies, P. T., & Cummings, E. M. (1998). Exploring children’s emotional insecurity as a mediator of the link between marital relations and child adjustment. Child Development, 69(1), 124-139.
DePaulo, B. M., & Kashy, D. A. (1998). Everyday lies in close and casual relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74(1), 63-79.
DeRosier, M. E., & Kupersmidt, J. B. (1991). Costarican children's perceptions of their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 27(4), 656- 662.
Donnellan, M. B., Trzesniewski, K. H., Robins, R. W., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A. (2005). Low self-esteem is related to aggression, antisocial behavior, and delinquency. Psychological Science, 16(4), 328-335.
Farrell, M. P., & Barnes G. M. (1993). Family systems and social support: A Test of the effects of cohesion and adaptability on the functioning of parents and adolescents. Barnes Journal of Marriage and Family, 55(1), 119-132.
Festinger, L. (1954). A theory of social comparison processes. Human Relations, 7(2), 117-140.
Frank, S. J., Avery, C. B., & Laman, M. S. (1988). Young adults' perceptions of their relationships with their parents: Individual differences in connectedness, competence, and emotional autonomy. Developmental Psychology, 24(5), 729-737.
Furman, W., & Buhrmester, D. (1985). Children's perceptions of the personal relationships in their social networks. Developmental Psychology, 21(6), 1016-1024.
Gazelle, H., Putaliaz, M., Li, Y., Grimes, C. L., Kupersmidt, J. B., & Coie, J. D. (2005). Anxious solitude across contexts: Girls’ interactions with familiar and unfamiliar peers. Child Development, 76(1), 227-246.
Gilbert, R. M. (2018). The eight conceps of bowen theory.. Leading Systems Press. 보웬이론의 8가지 개념. 김경 역. 서울: 학지사.
Harter, S. (1983). Developmental perspectives on the self-system. New York: Wiley.
Harter, S., Marold, D. B., Whitesell, N. R., & Cobbs, G. (1996). A model of the effects of perceived parent and peer support on adolescent false self behavior. Child Development, 67(2), 360-374.
Hayes, A. F., & Matthes, J. (2009). Computational procedures for probing interactions in OLS and logistic regression: SPSS and SAS implementations. Behavior Research Methods, 41(3), 924-936.
Holmes, C. S., Yu, Z., & Frentz, J. (1999). Chronic and discrete stress as predictors of children's adjustment. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 67(3), 411-419.
House, J. S. (1981). The nature of social support. Work stress and social support. Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.
Josselson R. (1988). The Embedded Self. New York, NY.
Kerr, M. E., & Bowen, M. (1988). Family evaluation: An approach based on Bowen theory. New York, NY, US: Norton & Co.
Leary, M. R., Tambor, E. S., Terdal, S. K., & Downs, D. L. (1995). Self-esteem as an interpersonal monitor: The sociometer hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(3), 518-530.
Marrone, M. (2000). Attachment and interaction. London: Jessica Kingsley.
Martin, C. L., Eisenbud, L., & Rose, H. (1995). Children's gender‐based reasoning about toys. Child development, 66(5), 1453-1471.
Mattanah, J. F., Hancock, G. R., & Brand, B. L. (2004). Parental attachment, separation- individuation, and college student adjustment. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 51(2), 213-225.
Muller, D., Judd, C. M., & Yzerbyt, V. Y. (2005). When moderation is mediated and mediation is moderated. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(6), 852-863.
Omizo, M. M., Omizo, S. A., & Suzuki, L. A. (1988). Children and stress: An exploratory study of stressors and symptoms. School Counselor, 35(4), 267-274.
Olson, D. H., Portner, J., & Levee, Y. (1985). FACE III. St. Paul, MN: University of Minnesota.
Olson, D. H., Sprenkle, D. H., & Russell, C. S. (1979). Circumplex model of marital and family systems. Family Process, 18(1), 3-28.
Preacher, K. J., Rucker, D. D., & Hayes, A. F. (2007). Addressing moderated mediation hypotheses: Theory, methods, and prescriptions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 42(1), 185-227.
Robertson, J. F., & Simmons, R. L. (1989). Family factors, self-esteem, and adolescent depression, Journal of Marriage and the Family, 1(Feb), 125-138.
Rosenberg, M. (1963). Parental interest and children's self-conceptions. Sociometry, 26(1), 35-49.
Rosenberg, M. (1965). Society and adolescent self-image. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Satir, V. (1972). Peoplemaking. CA: Science and Behavior books, Inc.
Skowron, E. A., & Friedlander, M. L. (1998). The differentiation of self-Inventory: Development and initial validation. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45(3), 235-246.
Skowron, E. A., & Schmitt, T. A. (2003). Assessing interpersonal fusion: Reliability and validity of a new DSI fusion with other subscale. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 29(2), 209-222.
Weiss, B. (1982). Attachment in adult life. New York: Basic Books.
White, K. M., Speisman, J. C., & Costos, D. (1983). Young adults and their parents: Individuation to mutuality. New Directions for Child Development, 1983(22), 61-76.
Young, J. W., & Ferguson, L, R. (1979), Developmental changes through adolescence in the spontaneous nomination of reference groups as a function of decision content. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 8(2), 239-252.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations