Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and zooplankton and particulate organic matter (POM) δ13C values were measured in five reservoirs in Korea. Zooplankton δ13C and POM δ13C showed large range from -33‰ to -22‰ and a significant difference among the reservoirs. One eutrophic reservoir, Lake Masan, showed unique characteristics with the highest zooplankton density, the highest δ13C, and the highest DOC. Zooplankton δ13C was similar to POM δ13C, implying that zooplankton occupies substantial portion of POM or that zooplankton isotopic composition is related to selective grazing and assimilation of food sources from bulk POM. Except Lake Masan zooplankton δ13C values were negatively correlated to DOC concentration in four reservoirs with mostly forest land use. This pattern can be probably attributed to intensive agricultural land use in the watershed of Lake Masan compared to the mostly forest land use in the other watersheds. Understanding the relationship between zooplankton δ13C values and the origin of organic matter associated with watershed characteristics will be valuable to better understand trophic relationships in reservoirs in the summer monsoon region.
APHA, AWWA, WEF. 1998. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater, 20th ed. American Public Health Association, Washington, DC.
Browne RA. 1981. Lakes as islands: biogeographic distribu- tion, turnover rates, and species composition in the lakes of central New York. J Biogeography 8: 75-83.
Chen FZ, Xie P, Tang HJ, Liu H. 2005. Negative effects of Microcystis blooms on the crustacean plankton in an enclosure experiment in the subtropical China. J Environ Sci 17: 775-781.
Cole JJ, Carpenter SR, Kitchell J, Pace ML, Solomon CT, Weidel B. 2011. Strong evidence for terrestrial support of zooplankton in small lakes based on stable isotopes of carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108: 1975-1980.
Cyr H. 1998. Cladoceran- and copepod- dominated zooplankton communities graze at similar rates in low-productivity lakes. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 55: 414-422.
Del Giorgio PA, Cole JJ, Cimbleris A. 1997. Respiration rates in bacteria exceed phytoplankton production in unproductive aquatic systems. Nature 385: 148-151.
Del Giorgio PA, France RL. 1996. Ecosystem-Specific patterns in the relationship between zooplankton and POM or microplankton δ13C. Limnol Oceanogr 41: 359-365.
Del Giorgio PA, Peters RH. 1994. Patterns in planktonic P:R ratios in lakes: influence of lake trophy and dissolved organic carbon. Limnol Oceanogr 39: 772-787.
De Kluijver A, Yu J, Houtekamer M, Middelburg JJ, Liu Z. 2012. Cyanobacteria as a carbon source for zooplankton in eutrophic Lake Taihu, China, measured by 13C labeling and fatty acid biomarkers. Limnol Oceanogr 57: 1245-1254.
Doi H, Zuykova EI, Kikuchi E, Shikano S, Kanou K, Yurlova N, Yadrenkina E. 2006. Spatial changes in carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of the plankton food web in a saline lake ecosystem. Hydrobiologia 571: 395-400.
France RL, Del Giorgio PA, Westcott KA. 1997. Productivity and heterotrophy influences on zooplankton δ13C in northern temperate lakes. Aquat Microb Ecol 12: 85-93.
Grey J, Jones RI, Sleep D. 2000. Stable isotope analysis of the origins of zooplankton carbon in lakes of differing trophic state. Oecologia 123: 232-240.
Gu B, Chapman AD, Schelske CL. 2006. Factors controlling seasonal variations in stable isotope composition of particulate organic matter in a soft water eutrophic lake. Limnol Oceanogr 51: 2837-2848.
Gu B, Schell DM, Alexander V. 1994. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of the plankton food web in a subarctic lake. Can J Fish Aquat Sci 51: 1338-1344.
Hessen DO, Andersen T, Lyche A. 1989. Differential grazing and resource utilization of zooplankton in a humic lake. Arch Hydrobiol 114: 321-347.
Hessen DO. 2008. Efficiency, energy and stoichiometry in pelagic food webs; reciprocal roles of food quality and food quantity. Freshw Rev 1: 43-57.
Hou W, Gu B, Zhang H, Gu J, Han BP. 2013. The relationship between carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes of zooplankton and select environmental variables in lowlatitude reservoirs. Limnology 14: 97-104.
Jeppesen E, Jensen JP, Jensen C, Faafeng B, Hessen DO, Sondergaard M, Lauridsen T, Brettum P, Christoffersen K. 2003. The impact of nutrient state and lake depth on top-down control in the pelagic zone of lakes: a study of 466 lakes from the temperate zone to the arctic. Ecosystems 6: 313-325.
Jones RI, Grey J, Sleep D, Arvola L. 1999. Stable isotope analysis of zooplankton carbon nutrition in humic lakes. Oikos 86: 97-104.
Kankaala P, Taipale S, Li L, Jones RI. 2010. Diets of crustacean zooplankton, inferred from stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses, in lakes with varying allochthonous dissolved organic carbon content. Aquat Ecol 44: 781-795.
Keough JR, Sierszen ME, Hagley CA. 1996. Analysis of a Lake Superior coastal food web with stable isotope techniques. Limnol Oceanogr 41: 136-146.
Kim B, Choi KS, Lee UH, Kim UH. 2000. Effects of the summer monsoon on the distribution and loading of organic carbon in a deep reservoir, Lake Soyang, Korea. Water Res 14: 3495-3504.
Kim B, Kim JO, Jun MS, Hwang SJ. 1999. Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton and zooplankton community in Lake Soyang. Korean J Limnol 32: 127-134.
Lee J, Kim J, Jung Y, Kim B. 2010. Isotopic differences among zooplankton taxa and seasonal variation of zooplankton community coexisting with Microcystis. Kor J Ecol Environ 43: 1-10. (in Korean)
Lee J, Yoshioka T, Ra K, Owen J, Kim B. 2011. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope composition of co-existing herbivorous zooplankton species in an oligo-dystrophic lake (Shirakoma-ike, Japan). N Z J Mar Freshw Res 45: 29-41.
Lee JY, Kim JK, Owen JS, Choi Y, Shin K, Jung S, Kim B. 2013. Variation in carbon and nitrogen stable isotopes in POM and zooplankton in a deep reservoir and relationship with hydrological characteristics. J Freshw Ecol 28: 47- 62 .
Lennon JT, Faiia AM, Feng X, Cottingham KL. 2006. Relative importance of CO2 recycling and CH4 pathways in lake food webs along a dissolved organic carbon gradient. Limnol Oceanogr 51: 1602-1613.
Li L. 2007. Variation in zooplankton diets in contrasting small lakes, inferred from stable isotope analyses. MS thesis. University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Li W, Wu F, Liu C, Fu P, Wang J, Mei Y, Wang L, Guo J. 2008. Temporal and spatial distributions of dissolved organic carbon and nitrogen in two small lakes on southwestern China Plateau. Limnology 9: 163-171.
Pace M L, Cole JJ, Carpenter SR, Kitchell JF, Hodgson JR, Van de Bogert MC, Bade DL, Kritzberg ES, Bastviken D. 2004. Whole lake carbon-13 additions reveal terrestrial support of aquatic food webs. Nature 427: 240-243.
Persaud AD, Dillon PJ, Lasenby D, Yan ND. 2009. Stable isotope variability of meso-zooplankton along a gradient of dissolved organic carbon. Freshwater Biol 54: 1705- 1719.
Rau G. 1978. Carbon-13 depletion in a Subalpine Lake: carbon flow Implications. Science 201: 901-902.
Rautio M, Vincent WF. 2007. Isotopic analysis of the sources of organic carbon for zooplankton in shallow subarctic and arctic waters. Ecography 30: 77-87.
Rautio M, Mariash H, Forsström L. 2011. Seasonal shifts between autochthonous and allochthonous carbon contributions to zooplankton diets in a subarctic lake. Limnol Oceanogr 56: 1513-1524.
Salonen K, Hammar T. 1986. On the importance of dissolved organic matter in the nutrition of zooplankton in some lake waters. Oecologia 68: 246-253.
Santana ARA, Lansac-Tôha FA, Benedito E. 2009. Variability of δ13C and δ15N in three zooplankton species from the upper Paraná River floodplain. Zoologia (Curitiba) 26: 725-732.
Schindler DE, Carpenter SR, Cole JJ, Kitchell JF, Pace ML. 1997. Influence of food web structure on carbon exchange between lakes and the atmosphere. Science 277: 248-251.
Tranvik LJ. 1989. Bacterioplankton growth, grazing mortality and quantitative relationship to primary production in a humic and a clearwater lake. J Plankton Res 11: 985- 1000.
Vuorio K, Meili M, Sarvala J. 2006. Taxon-specific variation in the stable isotopic signatures (δ13C and δ15N) of lake phytoplankton. Freshwater Biol 51: 807-822.
Yoshioka T, Wada E, Hayashi H. 1994. A stable isotope study on seasonal food web dynamics in a eutrophic lake. Ecology 75: 835-846.