open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
본 연구에서는 정신병질 경향성이 높은 사람들의 공감능력을 알아보고자 하였다. 피험자들은 사진과 그림으로 이루어진 시각자극을 두 가지 조망조건(자기/타인)에서 얼마나 고통스러워 보이는지 평정하였다. 그 후 피험자들은 정신병질 자기보고식 검사와 공감능력 척도를 실시하였다. 그 결과, 정신병질 경향성이 높은 피험자들은 정신병질 경향성이 낮은 피험자들보다 공감능력이 낮은 것으로 나타났다. 실험자극에 대해서는 정신병질 경향성이 낮은 피험자들이 그렇지 않은 피험자들보다 유의미하게 더 고통스럽다고 평가하였다. 반면, 정신병질 경향성이 높은 피험자들은 고통자극보다 중립자극이었을 때, 타인조망보다 자기조망조건에서 더 자극을 고통스럽게 평가하였다. 이 결과는 정신병질자들이 타인의 고통에 대하여 공감능력이 떨어진다는 것을 나타낸다. 본 연구는 대학생들을 대상으로 실험하였기 때문에 결과를 일반화 하는데 한계점이 있지만, 후속연구를 통하여 정신병질자의 공감능력 측정도구 개발의 기초연구가 될 것이다. 마지막으로 이 결과의 시사점 및 후속 연구에 대해 논의하였다.
This study investigated the empathy ability of individuals with psychopathic tendencies. Subjects rated pain intensity of visual stimuli(painful/neutral) consisted of pictures and cartoons. Two different perspectives were manipulated through explicit instructions: the subject's own perspective (Self), and other's perspective (Other). After the rating task, subjects completed self-reported measures of psychopathy and an empathy scale. According to the results, the empathy ability of the group with psychopathic tendencies was lower than the empathy ability of the group with non-psychopathic tendencies. On the rating task, the group with non-psychopathic tendencies was higher than the group with psychopathic tendencies in the pain rating scale. In self perspective condition, the group with psychopathic tendencies evaluated higher pain intensity of neutral stimuli than the group with non-psychopathic tendencies. These findings support that psychopaths appear to lack empathy. Due to the fact that the subjects of this study were university students, it has its limitations when it is generalized. However it will serve the role as the fundamental research, allowing further tools and scales to be created upon. We further discussed the practical implications of the present findings.
김범준, 이은진, 김영윤 (2009). 대학생들의 정신병질에 대한 반사회성과 정서적 공감의영향: 성차를 중심으로. 한국심리학회지:여성, 14, 219-239.
김용희 (2007). 공감능력과 관련된 성격특성및 성차. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 12(3), 573-585.
노성은 (1999). 3세 유아의 감정이입 능력에 관련된 변인들: 유아의 성(性), 기질 및 어머니의 양육행동을 중심으로. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.
박미주 (1984). 아동 및 가족관계 분야; 아동의이타행동에 있어서 인지 및 정의적 요인에 관한 연구. 대한가정학회 추계학술대회, 22(4), 209.
박성희 (1994). 공감, 공감적 이해. 서울: 원미사.
이수정, 박혜영 (2009). 한국판 정신병질 성격평가 검사: 전문가 지침서. 서울: 학지사 심리검사연구소.
전행자, 김영윤 (2011). 고통판단과제에서 정신병질 경향성 집단의 고통공감: 사건관련전위연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 25(4), 121-137.
홍정주 (1988). 아동의 감정이입과 공격성에 관한 연구. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위논문.
Batson, C. D. (1998). Altruism and prosocial behavior. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.). The handbook of social psychology(Vol Ⅱ, pp. 282-316). Boston:McGraw-Hill.
Blair, R. J. R. (2001). Neuro-cognitive models of aggression, the antisocial personality disorders and psychopathy. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry, 71, 727-731.
Blair, R. J. R., Jones, L., Clark, F., & Smith. M.(1997). The Psychopathic individual: A lack of responsiveness to distress cues? Psychophysiology, 34, 192-198.
Castelli, F., Happe, F., Frith, U., & Frith, C.(2000). Movement and mind: a functional imaging study of perception and interpretation of complex intentional movement patterns. Neuroimage, 12, 314-325.
Cleckley, H. M. (1941, 1976). The mask of sanity. St. Lois, MO: C. V. Mosby.
Davis, M. A. (1980). A multidimensional approach to individual differences in empathy. JSAS Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 10, 85.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, 113-126.
Davis, M. H. (1983). Measuring individual differences in empathy: Evidence for a multidimensional approach. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 44, 113-126.
Eisenberg, N., & Lennon, R. (1983). Sex differences in empathy and related capacities. Psychological Bulletin. 94(1), 100-131.
Eisenberg, N., & Strayer, J. (1987). Empathy and its development. NY: Cambridge University Press.
Fan, Y., & Han, S. (2008). Temporal dynamic of neural mechanisms involved in empathy for pain: An event-related brain potential study. Neuropsychologia, 46, 160-173.
Feshbach, N. D. (1989). Empathy training and prosocial behavior. In J. Grobel & R. A. Hinde, (Eds.), Aggression and war: Their biological and social basis(pp. 101-111). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Gallagher, H. I., Brunswick, N., Fletcher, P. C.,Frith, U., & Frith, C. D. (2000). Reading the mind in cartoons and stories: an fMRI study of ‘theory of mind’ in verbal and nonverbal tasks. Neuropsychologia, 38, 11-21.
Gu, X., & Han, S. (2007). Attention and reality constraints on the neural processes of empathy for pain. NeuroImage, 36, 256-267.
Hall, J. R., & Benning, S. D. (2006). The ‘successful psychopath’: Adaptive and subclinical manifestations of psychopathy in the general population. In C. J. Patrick (Ed.), Handbook of psychopathy (pp. 459-478). NewYork, NY: Guilford Press.
Harpur, T. J., Hare, R. D., & Hakstian, A. R.(1989). Two-factor conceptualization of psychopathy: construct validity and assessment implications. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 57, 6-17.
Hare, R. D. (1986). Twenty years of experience with the Cleckley psychopath. In W. H. Reid, D. Door, J. I. Walker, & J. W. Bonner Ⅲ(Eds.), Unmasking the psychopath (pp.3-27). New York: W. W. Norton.
Hare, R. D. (1991). Manual for the Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D. (1993). Without conscience. New York:Simon & Schuster.
Hare, R. D. (1996). Psychopathy: A clinical construct whose time has come. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 25-54.
Hare, R. D. (2003). The Hare psychopathy checklist. Revised(2nd Ed.). Toronto, Ontario Canada:Multi-Health Systems.
Hare, R. D., & Craigen, D. (1974). Psychopathy and physiological activity in a mixed-motive game situation. Psychophysiology, 11, 197-206.
Hare, R. D., Forth, A. E., & Stachan, K. E.(1992). Psychopathy and crime across the lifespan. In R. D. Peter, R. J. McMahon, & V. L. Quinsey (Eds.) Aggression and violence throughout the life span. Newburry Park, CA:Sage.
Henley, A. G. (2001). Psychopathy and career interest in a noncriminal population. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas.
Hoffman, M. L. (1975). Developmental synthesis of affect and cognition and its implications for altruistic motivation. Developmental Psychology, 11, 607-622.
Johns, J. H., & Quay, H. C. (1962). The effect of social reward on verbal conditioning in psychopathic and neurotic military offenders. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 26, 217-220.
Johnson, W. (1946). People in Quandaries: The Semantics of Personal adjustment. New York:Harper & Brothers.
Jolliffe, D., & Farrington, D. P. (2006). Development and validation of the Basic Empathy Scale. Journal of Adolescence, 29, 589-611.
Kiehl, K., Smith, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., & Liddle, P. F.(2001). Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry, 50, 677-684.
Levin, L., & Hoffman, M. L. (1976). Early sex difference in empathy. Developmental Psychology, 12, 557-558.
Lilienfeld, S. O. (2005). Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, Florida, U.S.A.
Lilienfeld, S. O., & Andrews, B. P. (1996). Develop and Preliminary Validation of a Self-Report Measure of Psychopathic Personality Traits in Noncriminal Populations,The Journal of Personality Assessment, 1996;66(3), 488-524.
Lilienfeld, S. O. & Widow (2005). Psychopathic Personality Inventory-Revised Professional Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc, Flo rida, U.S.A.
Lykken, D. T. (1957). A study of anxiety in the sociopathic personality. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 6-10.
Mahmut, M. K., Homewood, J., & Stevenson, R.J. (2007). The characteristics of non-criminals with high psychopathy traits: Are you similar to criminal psychopath? Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 479-692.
Mullins-Nelson, J. L., Salefin, R. T., & Leistico, A.R. (2006). Psychopathy, empathy, perspective -taking ability in a community sample:Implications for the successful psychopathy concept. Interpersonal journal of Forensic Mental Health, 5, 133-149.
Ohbuchi, K., Kameda, M., & Agarie, N. (1989). Apology as aggression control: Its role in mediating appraisal of and response to harm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(2), 219-227.
Patrick, C. J. (2001). Emotion and psychopathy:Starling new insights. Psychophysiology, 31, 319-330.
Piaget, J. (1932). The development of the child. New York: Harcourt Brace.
Preston, S. D., & de Waal, F. B. M. (2002). Empathy: Its ultimate and proximate bases. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 25, 1-72.
Siegal, R. A. (1978). Probability of punishment and suppression of behavior in psychopathic and nonpsychopathic offender. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 87(5), 514-522.
