ISSN : 1225-3480
피조개 유생의 최적 성장과 먹이생물의 이용성을 높이기 위해 현재 인공종자생산에서 많이 이용되고 대량배양이 용이한 미세조류 4종 (I. galbana, P. lutheri, C. simplex, T. tetrathele) 을 대상으로 먹이생물이 피조개 유생의 발달단계별 성장 및 생존에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 초기 D형 유생을 대상으로 먹이생물 4종을 단독 또는 혼합 공급하여 8일간의 사육 실험 결과, 먹이생물 4종을 혼합 공급한 실험구에서 평균 각장 <TEX>$129.6{\pm}5.7{\mu}m$</TEX>로 가장 빠른 성장을 보였고 (P < 0.05), P. lutheri와 C. simplex의 혼합 공급구 (<TEX>$125.3{\pm}5.6{\mu}m$</TEX>) 와는 유의한 차이가 없었으며, I. galbana와 C. simplex 등 다른 2종을 혼합한 공급구 보다는 유의하게 높은 성장을 나타내었다 (P < 0.05). 그리고 초기 각정기, 각정기, 후기 각정기 유생 단계에서의 성장도 초기 D형 유생 단계와 유사한 경향을 보였으며, 일간성장과 생존율은 성장 실험과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 초기 D형 유생을 대상으로 먹이생물 4종을 <TEX>$0.5{\times}10^4$</TEX>, <TEX>$1{\times}10^4$</TEX>, <TEX>$2{\times}10^4$</TEX>, <TEX>$5{\times}10^4$</TEX>, <TEX>$8{\times}10^4cells/mL/day$</TEX> 밀도로 8일간 혼합 공급하여 사육한 결과, <TEX>$2{\times}10^4cells/mL$</TEX> 밀도에서 <TEX>$125.8{\pm}5.1{\mu}m$</TEX>로 가장 빠른 성장을 보였고 (P < 0.05), <TEX>$1{\times}10^4$</TEX> 과 <TEX>$5{\times}10^4cells/mL$</TEX> 공급구 간에는 유의한 차이가 없었다. 먹이 공급량이 많을수록 유생의 성장은 양호하였으나, <TEX>$8{\times}10^4cells/mL$</TEX> 밀도에서는 사육 8일째 전량 폐사하였다. 그리고 초기 각정기, 각정기, 후기 각정기 유생 단계에서도 초기 D형 유생 단계와 유사한 경향을 보였으며 일간성장과 생존율은 성장 실험과 유사한 경향을 나타내었다. 따라서 피조개 유생 사육을 위한 먹이생물은 C. simplex를 포함한 2종 이상을 혼합하여 <TEX>$1{\times}10^4-2{\times}10^4cells/mL$</TEX>의 밀도로 공급하는 것이 효과적인 것으로 판단된다.
Supply of proper microalgae is very critical because it determines total production and cost of larval Ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii during larval development stages. Besides, nutrient requirements of microalgae should be carefully determined for successful larval Ark shell production. In order to improve utilization of microalgae being used for artificial Ark shell seed production and optimum larval growth of Ark shell, growth and survival (%) of larvae on development stage of Scapharca broughtonii fed on four different microalgal species (Isochrysis galbana, Pavlova lutheri and Chaetoceros simplex, Tetraselmis tetrathele) were investigated. In D shape stage the larvae fed on mixed diet with four microalgal species showed the highest growth in shell length (129.6 ± 5.7 μm) and survival (84.2 ± 5.8%) (P < 0.05). The growth and survival (%) of the larvae fed on mixed diet with two microalgal species of P. lutheri + C. simplex were lower than mixed diet with four microalgal species and significantly higher than other mixed diet with two microalgal species (P < 0.05). Such change in the growth and survival of larvae fed on different microalgal species varies with larval development stages although a similar tendency on the growth, daily increment of shell length and survival in D shape, early umbone, umbone and late umbone stages were observed. In D shape stage the larvae fed on the feeding concentration (2 × 104 cells/mL/day) of mixed diet with four microalgal species showed the highest growth in shell length (125.8 ± 5.1 μm) and the feeding concentration (1 × 104 cells/mL/day) of mixed diet showed the highest survival (88.3 ± 4.9%) (P < 0.05). The growth of larvae tended to be higher, the higher the feeding concentration of diet but the lower survival of larvae showed, the higher feeding concentration of diet. Such change in the growth and survival of larvae fed on concentrations of mixed diet with four microalgal species varies with larval development stages although a similar tendency on the growth, daily increment of shell length and survival in D shape, early umbone, umbone and late umbone stages were observed. Daily feeding concentrations of 1 × 104- 2 × 104 cells/mL of microalgae mixed two species including C. simplex were very effective.
Ballantine, J.A., Lavis, A. and Morris, R.J. (1979) Sterols of the phytoplankton-effects of illumination and growth stage. Phytochemistry, 18: 1459-1466.
Bayne, B.L. (1983) Physiological ecology of marine molluscan larvae. The Mollusca, 3: 299-343.
Brown, M.R., Jeffrey, S.W., Volkman, J.K. and Dunstan, G.A. (1997) Nutritional properties of microalgae for mariculture. Aquaculture, 151: 315-331.
Cheong SC, Kang HW and Lee JM. 1982. Experiments on the early artificial seedling production of ark shell Anadara broughtonii (SCHRENCK). Bulletin of National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, 28: 185-197.
Delaunay, F., Marty, Y., Moal, J. and Samain, J.F. (1992) Growth and lipid class composition of Pecten maximus (L) Larvae grown under hatchery conditions. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 163: 209-219.
Duncan, D.B. (1955) Multiple-range and multiple F tests. Biometrics, 11: 1-42.
Enright, C.T., Newkirk, G.F., Craigiel, J.S. and Castell, J.D. (1986) Evaluation of phytoplankton as diets for juvenile Ostrea edulis L. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 96: 1-13.
Epifanio, C.E. (1979) Comparison of yeast and algal diets for bivalve molluscs. Aquaculture, 16: 187-192.
Gallager, S.M. and Mann, R. (1986) Growth and survival of larvae of Mercenaria mercenaria (L.) and Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin) relative to brood conditioning and lipid content of eggs. Aquaculture, 56: 105-121.
Helm, M.M. and Millican, P.F. (1977) Experiments in the hatchery rearing of Pacific oyster larvae (Crassostrea gigas Thunberg). Aquaculture, 11: 1-12.
Helm, M.M. and Laing, L. (1987) Preliminary observation on the nutritional value of "Tahiti Isochrysis" to bivalve larvae. Aquaculture, 62: 281-288.
His, E., Robert, R. and Dinet, A. (1989) Combined effects of temperature and salinity on fed and starved larvae of the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprivincialis and the Japanese oyster Crassostrea gigas. Marine Biology, 100: 455-463.
Holland, D.L. (1978) Lipid reserves and energy metabolism in the larvae of benthic marine invertebrates. In: Malins, D.C. and Sargent, J.R. (Eds.), Biochemical and Biophysical Perspectives in Marine Biology, Vol 4, Academic Press, London and New York, 85-123.
Hur, Y.B. (2004) Dietary value of microalgae for larvae culture of Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Ph.D. thesis, Pukyong National University, 133pp.
Hur, Y.B., Min, K.S., Kim, T.E., Lee, S.J. and Hur, S.B. (2008) Larvae growth and biochemical composition change of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, larvae during artificial seed production. Journal of Aquaculture, 21: 203-212.
Imai, S. and Nishikawa, M.S. (1969) Seedling production of Scallop, Patinopecten yessoensis and Ark shell, Anadara broughtonii. Japanese Society for Aquaculture Research, 16: 309-316.
Kanno, H. (1963) Breeding of the Ark, Anadara broughtonii, in tank. Bulletin of Tohoku Regional Fisheries Research Laboratory, 23: 108-116.
Kim, B.H, Min, K.S., Lee, S.J., Park, K.Y., An, C.M. and Min, B.H. (2006) Effect of temperature on induced sexual maturation of the ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii (Schrenck) broodstock. Korean Journal of Malacology, 22: 175-182.
Kim, B.H, Shin, Y.K, Park, K.Y., Choi, N.J., Oh, B.S. and Min, B.H. (2008) Growth and survival of the spat of arkshell, Scapharca broughtonii in intermediate culture with different shape of protective net and type of preventive net of spat loss. Korean Journal of Malacology, 24: 131-136.
Kim, J.D., Cheong, Y.J. and Kang, H.W. (1979) Studies on the artificial mass seed production of the ark shell Anadara broughtonii (Schrenck) - (I). Bulletin of National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, 22: 55-65.
Kim, T.I., Ko, C.S., Hur,Y.B., Yang, M.H. and Chang, Y.J. (2011) Growth and survival of the hard clam, Meretrix petechialis (Lamarck) larvae to food organisms. Korean Journal of Malacology, 27: 175-180.
Laing, I. (1995) Effect of food supply on oyster spatfall. Aquaculture, 131: 315-324.
Langton, R.W. and Mckey, G.U. (1976) Growth of Crassostrea gigas (Thungberg) spat under different feeding regimes in hatchery. Aquaculture, 7: 225-233.
Lannan, C.J. (1980a) Broodstock management of Crassostrea gigas. I. Genetic and environmental variation in survival in the larval rearing system. Aquaculture, 21: 323-336.
Lannan, C.J. (1980b) Broodstock management of Crassostrea gigas. III. Selective breeding for improved larval survival. Aquaculture, 21: 347-351.
Lee, J.Y., Kim, Y.K. and Lee, C.S. (2011) Growth and survival of the brackish water clam, Corbicula japonica larvae according to rearing conditions. Korean Journal of Malacology, 27: 337-343.
Lucas, A. (1990) Feeding and digestion in bivalve larvae, In: Morton, B. (Ed.), Proceedings of Memorial Symposium in Honor of Sir Charles Maurice Yonge. Hong Kong, 173-190.
Martinez, L.A., Caceres, E., Uribe, E. and Diaz, M.A. (1995) Effects of different feeding regimes on larval growth and the energy budget of juvenile Chilean scallops, Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck. Aquaculture, 132: 313-323.
Marty, Y., Delaunay, F., Moal, J. and Samain, J.F. (1992) Changes in the fatty acid composition of Pecten maximus (L) during larval development. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 163: 221-234.
Min, K.S., Chang, Y.J., Park, D.W., Jung, C.G., Kim, D.H. and Kim, G.H. (1995) Studies on Rearing conditions for mass seedling production in Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Bulletin of National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, 49: 91-111.
Min, K.S., Kim, B.H., Lee, S.J., Park, K.Y. and Kim, B.G. (2004) Intermediate culture of the spat of arkshell, Scapharca broughtonii in summer. Korean Journal of Malacology, 20: 125-130.
Min, B.H., Kim, B.K., Kim, S.Y., Shin, Y.K. and Hur, S.B. (2011) Effect of three microalgal species on gonadal development and sex maturation of ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. Korean Journal of Malacology, 27: 143-148.
Min, B.H., Kim, B.K., Kwon, O.N., Park, H.G. and Hur, S.B. (2012) Effect of three maicroalal species on growth and survival of larvae and spat of ark shell, Scapharca broughtonii. Korean Journal of Malacology, 28: 293-303.
Nell, J.A. and Holliday, J.E. (1988) Effects of salinity on the growth and survival of Sydney rock oyster (Saccostrea commercialis) and Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) larvae and spat. Aquaculture, 68: 39-44.
O'Connor, W.A., Nell, J.A. and Diemar, J.A. (1992) The evaluation of twelve algal species as food for juvenile Sydney rock oysters Saccostrea commercialis (Iredale & Roughley). Aquaculture, 108: 277-283.
Park, M.S., Lim, H.J. and Kim, P.J. (1998) Effect of environmental factors on the growth, glycogen and hemoglobin content of cultured askshell, Scapharca brougtonii. Journal of the Korean Fisheries Society, 31: 176-185.
Park, M.S., Kang, C.K. and Lee, P.Y. (2001) Reproductive cycle and biochemical of the ask shell, Scapharca brougtonii (Schrenck) in a southern coastal bay of Korea. Journal of Shellfish Research, 20: 177-184.
Powell, E.N., Bocheneck, E.A., Klinck, J.M. and Hoofmann, E.E. (2002) Influence of food quality and quantity on the growth and development of Crassostrea gigas larvae a modeling approach. Aquaculture, 210: 89-117.
Statistics Korea. (2017) Fisheries Production Survey. Retrieved from http://kosis.kr/statisticsList/statisticsList_01List.jsp?vwcd=MT_ZTITLE&parmTabld=M_01_01.
Waldock, M.J. and Nascimento, I.A. (1979) The triacylglycerol composition of Crassostrea gigas larvae fed on different algal diets. Marine Biology Letters, 1: 77-86.
Walne, P.R. (1974) Culture of bivalve molluscs. Whitefriars Press Ltd., London and Tondridge, 173pp.
Web, K.L. and Chu. F.L.E. (1983) Phytoplankton as a food source for bivalve larvae. In: Pruder, G.D., Langdon, C., Conklin, D. (Eds.), Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference of Aquaculture Nutrition: Biochemical and Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition. World Mariculture Society Special Publication, 2: 272-291.
Wilson, J.H. (1978) The food value of Phaeodactylum tricornutum Bohlin to the larvae of Ostrea edulis L. and Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. Aquaculture, 13: 313-323.
