ISSN : 1225-3480
Metallothionin (MT) is well-known as a biomarker gene induced by various stimuli including heavy metals in vertebrates and invertebrates. This leads many researchers to conduct molecular phylogenetic analysis on the basis of the MT gene and amino acids in the world. In the mollusks, however, it is hard to identify the classification and types of MT even with the MT sequences registered in NCBI. In this study, the mollusks MT genes from NCBI were reanalyzed to establish the taxonomic importance of MT. To this end, 180 complete MT amino acid sequences out of the analyzed 247 mollusks MT sequences obtained from NCBI were selected. Through the association analysis, 58 MT genes were categorized as 12 groups based on molecular phylogenetic analysis. We also analyzed the status of Mollusks MT-related studies through pubmed search. Based on this study, we constructed a website to increase the utilization of the analyzed data by sharing the related information through the following website (http://bioinfo.sch.ac.kr/metallothionein). Thus, it will be much easier and faster to annotate and conduct molecular phylogenetic analysis with any MT gene derived from RNA-seq and Genome-seq data of new mollusks in the future.
Baek, M.K., Lee, J.-S., Kang, S.W., Lee, J.B., Kang, H.J., Jo, Y.-H., Noh, M.-Y., Han, Y.S., Choi, S.-H., Chae, S.-H., Park, H.-S., Lee, J.-S., and Lee, Y.S. (2009) Phylogenetic Analysis based on Metallothionein Gene Sequence of an Indigenous Species Pisidium (Neopisidium) coreanum in Korea. The Korean journal of malacology, 25: 253-160.
Chung, J.M., Hwang, H.-J., Min, H.R., Sang, M.K., Park, J.E., Park, S.Y., Park, Y.-S., Noh, M.Y., Jo, Y.H., Han, Y.S., Lee, J.S., Park, S.-H., Kang, S.W., Kang, C.S., and Lee, Y.S. (2017) Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis based on Metallothionein Gene Sequence of an Endangered Species Cristaria plicata in Korea. Korean Journal of Malacology, 33: 35-40.
Dragun, Z., Erk, M., Raspor, B., Ivankovic, D., and Pavicic, J. (2004) Metal and metallothionein level in the heat-treated cytosol of gills of transplanted mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis Lmk. Environ. Int., 30: 1019-1025.
Dragun, Z., Raspor, B., Erk, M., Ivankovic, D., and Pavicic, J. (2006) The influence of the biometric parameters on metallothionein and metal level in the heat-treated cytosol of the whole soft tissue of transplanted mussels. Environ. Monit. Assess., 114: 49-64.
Engel, D.W. (1983) The intracellular partitioning of trace metals in marine shellfish. Sci. Total. Environ., 28: 129-140.
Jenny, M.J., Payton, S.L., Baltzegar, D.A., and Lozier, J.D. (2016) Phylogenetic Analysis of Molluscan Metallothioneins: Evolutionary Insight from Crassostrea virginica. J. Mol. Evol., 83: 110-125.
Jenny, M.J., Ringwood, A.H., Schey, K., Warr, G.W., and Chapman, R.W. (2004) Diversity of metallothioneins in the American oyster, Crassostreavirginica, revealed by transcriptomic and proteomic approaches. European Journal of Biochemistry, 271: 1702-1712.
Jo, Y.H., Baek, M.K., Kang, S.W., Lee, J.B., In-Seon, B., Choi, S.-H., Chae, S.-H., Kang, J.-H., Han, Y.S., Park, H.-S., and Lee, Y.S. (2009) Molecular cloning and expression pattern of Metallothionein Gene from the left-handed shell, Physa acuta. The Korean journal of malacology, 25: 223-230.
Kumar, S., Stecher, G., and Tamura, K. (2016) MEGA7: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis Version 7.0 for Bigger Datasets. Mol. Biol. Evol., 33: 1870-1874.
Lee, J.-S., Min, B.-J., Kang, S.W., Lee, J.B., Baek, M.K., Hwang, S.Y., Kim, S.H., Kho, W.-G., Choi, S.-H., Chae, S.-H., Park, H.-S., Han, Y.S., Lee, J.-S., Jeong, K.-H., and Lee, Y.S. (2008) Molecular Phylogenetic Study of Nesiohelix samarangae Based on Metallothionein Gene. The Korean Journal of Malacology, 24: 73-80.
Lemoine, S., Bigot, Y., Sellos, D., Cosson, R.P., and Laulier, M. (2000) Metallothionein Isoforms in Mytilus edulis (Mollusca, Bivalvia): Complementary DNA Characterization and Quantification of Expression in Different Organs after Exposure to Cadmium, Zinc, and Copper. Mar. Biotechnol. (NY), 2: 195-203.
Lewis, J.R., and Powell, H.T. (1961) The occurrence of curved and ungulate forms of the mussel Mytilus edulis l. In the british isles and their relationship to M. galloprovincialis lamarck. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 137: 583-598.
Olson, S.A. (2002) EMBOSS opens up sequence analysis. European Molecular Biology Open Software Suite. Brief. Bioinform., 3: 87-91.
Ozkan, D., Dagdeviren, M., Katalay, S., Guner, A., and Yavasoglu, N.U. (2017) Multi-Biomarker Responses After Exposure to Pollution in the Mediterranean Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis L.) in the Aegean Coast of Turkey. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol., 98: 46-52.
Ruttkay-Nedecky, B., Nejdl, L., Gumulec, J., Zitka, O., Masarik, M., Eckschlager, T., Stiborova, M., Adam, V., and Kizek, R. (2013) The Role of Metallothionein in Oxidative Stress. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 14: 6044-6066.
Sang, M.K., Hwang, H.-J., Kang, S.W., Park, S.-H., Park, S.Y., Chung, J.M., Park, J.E., Min, H.R., Lee, J.S., Han, Y.S., Park, H.S., Won, R., and Lee, Y.S. (2017) Molecular phylogenetic study of Incilaria fruhstorferi based on Metallothionein gene. korean Journal of Malacology, 33: 259-265.
Sang, M.K., Kang, S.W., Hwang, H.-J., Chung, J.M., Song, D.K., Min, H.R., Park, J.E., Ha, H.C., Lee, H.J., Hong, C.E., Ahn, Y.M., Park, S.Y., Park, Y.-S., Park, H.S., Han, Y.S., Lee, J.S., and Lee, Y.S. (2016) Molecular Phylogenetic Study of the Endangered Land Snail Satsuma myomphala Based on Metallothionein Gene. The Korean journal of malacology, 32: 6.
Skibinski, D.O.F., Ahmad, M., and Beardmore, J.A. (1978) Genetic evidence for naturally occurring hybrids between Mytilus edulis and Mytilus galloprovincialis. Evolution., 32: 354-364.
Soazig, L., and Marc, L. (2003) Potential use of the levels of the mRNA of a specific metallothionein isoform (MT-20) in mussel (Mytilus edulis) as a biomarker of cadmium contamination. Mar. Pollut. Bull., 46: 1450-1455.
Tanguy, A., and Moraga, D. (2001) Cloning and characterization of a gene coding for a novel metallothionein in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas (CgMT2): a case of adaptive response to metal-induced stress? Gene, 273: 123-130.
Viarengo, A., Burlando, B., Ceratto, N., and Panfoli, I. (2000) Antioxidant role of metallothioneins: a comparative overview. Cell. Mol. Biol., (Noisy-le-grand) 46: 407-417.
Zhang, G., Fang, X., Guo, X., Li, L., Luo, R., Xu, F., Yang, P., Zhang, L., Wang, X., Qi, H., Xiong, Z., Que, H., Xie, Y., Holland, P.W.H., Paps, J., Zhu, Y., Wu, F., Chen, Y., Wang, J., Peng, C., Meng, J., Yang, L., Liu, J., Wen, B., Zhang, N., Huang, Z., Zhu, Q., Feng, Y., Mount, A., Hedgecock, D., Xu, Z., Liu, Y., Domazet-Lošo, T., Du, Y., Sun, X., Zhang, S., Liu, B., Cheng, P., Jiang, X., Li, J., Fan, D., Wang, W., Fu, W., Wang, T., Wang, B., Zhang, J., Peng, Z., Li, Y., Li, N., Wang, J., Chen, M., He, Y., Tan, F., Song, X., Zheng, Q., Huang, R., Yang, H., Du, X., Chen, L., Yang, M., Gaffney, P.M., Wang, S., Luo, L., She, Z., Ming, Y., Huang, W., Zhang, S., Huang, B., Zhang, Y., Qu, T., Ni, P., Miao, G., Wang, J., Wang, Q., Steinberg, C.E.W., Wang, H., Li, N., Qian, L., Zhang, G., Li, Y., Yang, H., Liu, X., Wang, J., Yin, Y., and Wang, J. (2012) The oyster genome reveals stress adaptation and complexity of shell formation. Nature, 490: 49.
