2.1. Types and Characteristics of Social Media

Social media refers to a service platform that connects people who have signed up for a social networking service (SNS). SNS is a service that connects one person to another. There are various types of social media, and although the characteristics of each platform are different, they have in common features such as profile management, content production and sharing, presentation of opinions, and social network management. However, there are differences in user interaction methods and content types. Among them, YouTube is the world’s largest video sharing site, launched in 2005, where users can upload videos they have created, watch them with others, leave comments, and share them. These videos can be shared through other social media channels such as Twitter and Facebook. Recently, YouTube has been positioned as a means of active communication between content creators and users with the activation of information recommendations by algorithms and the activation of comments. Additionally, as the use of YouTube as an information search tool has rapidly increased, the number of monthly users has exceeded 1.5 billion, making it the second-largest search engine in the world after Google (Kong & Ahn, 2020).

2.2. Studies on Libraries’ Response to COVID-19

Since the COVID-19 pandemic, most research on libraries has been conducted on their responses to the COVID-19 situation and the information needs of users. Libraries provided information on personal hygiene and electronic information sources (Omeluzor et al., 2022), repaired existing services, or developed and supported new services (e.g., tele-reference service; Avila et al., 2022). Additionally, since users wanted their information usage pattern before COVID-19 to be maintained, they requested information on the latest topics and a diversity of tools and services that can be accessed through contactless interaction (Harlow, 2022; Wahler et al., 2022). In addition, during this period, social media played an active role as an information communicator in various fields of society, and it was reported that when the library provided the latest information using social media, it was highly useful in resolving users’ information needs (Kerns & Robertson, 2022). Additionally, it was confirmed that significant changes were made in digital applications, user support, and librarian education over the COVID-19 period (Basurto et al., 2022).

2.3. Social Network Analysis Study of Library Data in COVID-19

Social network analysis studies related to COVID-19 have also been conducted from various perspectives. At the beginning of the epidemic, social network analysis was performed to understand the spread of COVID-19-related information, trust in information, and social perception and frame (Hung et al., 2020; Kim et al., 2022; Yum, 2020). Over time, social network analysis was used to study changes and responses to sustain daily life in the COVID-19 situation, and social media data analysis studies on the library in relation to COVID-19 have appeared in the library field.

Park and Oh (2020) analyzed news reporting patterns and major issue changes using text-mining technology to recognize the library field’s activities and changes in the environment surrounding the library in response to the spread of COVID-19. Based on 1,852 news reports and 227,983 library-related tweets, four issues were derived, namely, prolonged contactless situations, increases in e-book loans, improving expectations for online services and librarians, and reexamining library space needs. A follow-up study comprehensively summarized the responses of libraries in South Korea to the spread of COVID-19 and investigated user responses to library-related issues by analyzing 496,741 tweets related to libraries in 2019 and 2020. The analysis results revealed that there were four issues, namely, COVID-19 and lack of face-to-face service, e-books and electronic services, library operation and hosted events, and use of space and materials. It was also confirmed that the aspects mentioned in the tweets varied according to the closure period and partial opening period while libraries went through a period of four temporary closures and three partial openings during 2020 (Park & Oh, 2021).

Alajmi and Albudaiwi (2021) investigated the use of Twitter in public libraries during the first few months after the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study analyzed 9,450 tweets posted by 38 public libraries in New York from December 2019 to April 2020; 85.5% of the tweets posted by the New York Public Library system included information about routine library services (information on remote library services available during the lockdown, social support information, etc.), and 14.5% were COVID-19 information. During the pandemic, most public libraries in New York City continued to operate as usual and supported the community in maintaining a sense of calm during the tense period.

Osakwe and Cortés (2021) analyzed information shared on Twitter in Spanish about the COVID-19 pandemic using a text mining approach. About 10,000 tweets were collected by searching for “Coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “Corona,” “#COVID19,” and “#Coronavirus” from June 3 to June 10, 2020, and were categorized by topic. As a result, six themes were identified: (1) prevention measures, (2) epidemiology/surveillance, (3) economic impact, (4) optimizing the nursing workforce, (5) access to reliable information, and (6) a call for a response from the local government. The top trending hashtags were #COVID19 (n=7,098), #Coronavirus (n=6,394), and #SNTESALUD (n=2,598).

Therefore, social network analysis studies of the COVID-19 discourse have mainly been conducted using Twitter. Since YouTube is characterized by active reactions and sharing between creators and users, users and users, and other social media platforms, the analysis of library discourse on YouTube is expected to capture meaningful changes in a broader and more multifaceted context than previous studies.

3.1. Data Collection and Preprocessing

To perform social network and topic modeling analysis on libraries and COVID-19 on YouTube, data were collected for 24 months from January 2019 to December 2021, when COVID-19 broke out in Korea. Keyword network analysis program NetMiner4.4 (Cyram Inc., Sungnam, Korea) was used to collect and analyze YouTube data. The keywords “COVID-19,” “coronavirus,” “library,” and “libraries” were used to search for data.

The keywords used in the collected data were organized by word spacing, part of speech, and similar words. Preprocessing was performed where words were difficult to understand. Preprocessing methods were based on studies by Feinerer and Hornik (2014) and Oh and Park (2018). Punctuation, numbers, symbols, stopwords, and words that were less than three letters long (e.g., !, *, and, or) were removed. The terms “YouTube,” “video,” “Coronavirus,” and “COVID-19,” which were common in all videos, were excluded, and similar terms were gathered. After applying this process, 479 videos, 20,545 words, and 8,379 channels were collected. The video trend by year is seen in Fig. 1. Related videos continue to increase and decrease, but it can be seen that more YouTube videos were created in 2020 (287), when COVID-19 emerged and library access and face-to-face services were suspended, compared with 2021 (192), when library access and face-to-face services were resumed.

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Fig. 1

Video trend by year.

3.2. Analysis Method

In this study, first, keyword frequency extraction, centrality, co-occurrence keyword frequency analysis, and network analysis were conducted to analyze the keywords of YouTube videos related to libraries during the time of COVID-19. Second, topic modeling analysis was conducted to understand the topic of YouTube videos related to the library at the time of COVID-19. Third, frequency extraction, centrality, and network analysis were performed to analyze the user community. The following Table 1 shows data items collected to analyze YouTube videos, terms, and channels.

4.1. Keyword Analysis

Social network analysis was performed for keyword analysis. Because of the analysis, it was found that 20,545 keywords were used in the 479 videos. The keywords most frequently used in COVID-19 and the library videos were “video” (2,348 times, 153 videos), “use” (461 times, 112 videos), “prevention” (943 times, 94 videos), “online” (333 times, 92 videos), “subscription” (442 times, 86 videos), “books” (209 times, 81 videos), “homepage” (174 times, 76 videos), “channel” (482 times, 75 videos), “progress” (272 times, 75 videos), “society” (596 times, 74 videos), “school” (966 times, 71 videos), “culture” (435 times, 71 videos), and “class/lecture” (424 times, 72 videos).

To analyze the co-occurrence network among keywords used on YouTube, 189 keywords appearing in more than 20 videos were extracted. Through this, 14,575 pairs of co-occurrence keywords were found, and 66 pairs of keywords that co-occurred in more than 10 videos were extracted to analyze the main keywords that appeared together. The keywords that appeared the most mainly consisted of content related to COVID-19 preventive measures such as “distance [-ing]” (41 times) and “quarantine, rules” (35 times), and content related to the library services, such as “loans, books” (20 times), “book, topic” (19 times), “operated, program” (14 times), and “lecture, content” (13 times). The top co-occurrence keywords are as follows in Table 2.

Centrality was measured to understand the location and network structure of keywords in the co-occurrence network. Network centrality is an indicator that can determine how important a specific node is in the network structure or how central it is to the entire network structure. That is, the higher the centrality, the greater the influence within the network. Among the methods to determine centrality, this study used PageRank centrality (Cambridge Intelligence, Cambridge, UK). PageRank centrality is a method of assigning weight according to the relative importance of documents. Lim (2019)’s study performed a regression analysis on the number of views on YouTube videos focusing on wide network centrality indicators, and it was found that among the network centrality indicators, PageRank centrality appeared as the index that had a stable and positive effect on the number of image views.

Because of the PageRank centrality analysis (alpha = 0.85), keywords with high centrality were in the order of channel, culture, use, report, quarantine, children, school, positive test results, lecture, street, loan, book, society, travel, video, program, and homepage. These keywords were frequently used along with other keywords, indicating that these keywords were important terms in the network when paired with related terms. That is, it can be seen that YouTube videos related to these keywords were actively produced. It can be seen that the network of these keywords forms a cluster of four groups as shown in the following Fig. 2. Fig. 2 is a keyword network map visualized with Spring Map based on pathfinder networks (PFnet) performance data. A PFnet is a type of hierarchical clustering technique that forms a cluster by connecting nodes with nearest neighbors as a PFnet. Group 1 consists of keywords related to YouTube channels and individuals (e.g., Instagram, administrators, homepages, channels, medical librarians), and Group 2 consists of keywords related to library users (e.g., school, youth, and children). Group 3 consists of keywords related to library quarantine and spread, and news about COVID-19 (e.g., news, COVID-19 positive, quarantine, report, and reporter), and Group 4 consists of keywords related to library work (e.g., loan, program, lecture, culture, reading). PageRank centrality, frequency, and the number of videos appearing from the most frequent keywords are shown in Table 3, and are arranged in descending order according to PageRank centrality.

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Fig. 2

Keyword network visualization.

4.2. Video Analysis

YouTube videos related to library and COVID-19 issues are composed of various subjects and topics. In this study, topics were extracted based on the probability of keywords appearing in YouTube videos using the LDA technique, and the topic was derived by analyzing the documents related to the topic. Various K values (different numbers of topics) were used to derive meaningful results from the collected videos. The topic modeling parameters used in this study were as follows: α: 0.1, β: 0.001, iteration: 5,000, and the final 20 topics were selected as K values. The probability of the appearance of 20 topics extracted from topic modeling among the total was analyzed. The topics that appeared more than 5% in frequency were Topic 1, Topic 3, Topic 4, Topic 9, Topic 10, Topic 12, Topic 15, Topic 17, Topic 19, and Topic 20, and 10 or more topics accounted for 65% of the total. Topic 9, Topic 15, and Topic 3 appeared most frequently, and Topic 18 appeared least frequently. The label of each topic was selected by reviewing the probability of each topic, the top five terms for each topic, documents with a high probability (probability>0.6) in each topic (the most relevant documents for each topic), and topics with similar topics, which were clustered to form the subject (Table 4). As a result of topic modeling, it was identified that YouTube videos are being produced under five major subjects: quarantine, vlogs, library identity during COVID-19, library services and functions, and library information and use guidelines.

The first major subject consists of topics related to the prevention of COVID-19 and includes Topics 2, 7, 6, 12, and 18. Topic 2 mainly deals with countermeasures of libraries such as library usage etiquette in the era of COVID-19. Topic 6 is about organizations applying the COVID-19 quarantine pass and related content, and Topic 7 mentions the closure of facilities due to COVID-19. Topic 17 focused on library disinfection, such as QR code verification for library access. Topic 18 consists of briefing videos on COVID-19 cases. Since the topics related to the prevention of COVID-19 contain videos containing news related to the library and general news about COVID-19, five topics were included, but all topics except Topic 12 accounted for less than 5% probability. The main keywords in Topic 12 are “prevention,” “facility,” “stage,” “spreading,” and “metropolitan area.”

The second major subject is vlog-related topics and includes Topics 3, 5, 13, and 15. The term “vlog” is a combination of “video” and “blog” and refers to video content that captures daily life as a video. Vlogs have become popular as a means of communicating with others by sharing individuals’ own daily lives online. Vlogs were categorized into those run by librarians or libraries and those run by users. Topic 5 and Topic 15 are vlogs created by users. Topic 5 contains the daily life of studying in the library, such as studying for exams and studying English during the COVID-19 outbreak, and Topic 15 contains the vlogs of users who use the library during COVID-19, such as dating in libraries and visiting the library in the time of no face-to-face services. Topic 10 includes vlogs run by a librarian or library, containing the librarian’s book recommendations and the changed daily life of the librarian. Topic 13 contains a wide range of health information from medical librarians. Among these, the topic with the highest probability was Topic 15, and user vlogs about using libraries in various ways accounted for 8.23%, with librarians’ vlogs accounting for 5.35%. The main keywords of Topic 15 are “vlog,” “video,” “daily life,” “English,” and “introduction.”

The third major subject includes topics related to library orientation and use guides, and consists of Topic 8, Topic 10, and Topic 19. These topics are composed of videos that introduce the library space in contactless way during COVID-19 and give guidelines for using the library. Topic 8 focused on library tours during the COVID era, and Topic 10 is about the introduction to university, college, and school libraries during the pandemic, and is mainly directed at first-year student orientations and campus tours. Topic 19 is about library usage guidelines for children and consists of videos on how to use the library. Topic 19 had the highest probability (6.6%) and is composed of keywords such as “video,” “performance,” “online,” and “children.”

The fourth major subject consists of Topic 1, Topic 4, Topic 9, Topic 11, Topic 14, and Topic 16 and is about the main functions of libraries during COVID-19 (loan/returns, cultural programs, education, and lectures). Topic 1 mainly consists of library education videos about education and careers that have changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and the main keywords are “education,” “career path,” “center,” and “support.” Topic 4 includes library videos about humanities lectures, and the main keywords are “class,” “video,” “humanities,” “comment,” and “youth.” Topic 9 included introductions to loan/return services during COVID-19, and the main keywords were “service,” “loan,” “book,” “use,” and “drive-through.” Topic 11 was about classes/lectures delivered by the library, such as those about the message of child-rearing and happiness, and Topic 14 was about various library programs and consisted of keywords such as “culture,” “neighborhood,” and “art.” In Topic 16, it can be seen that keywords such as culture, world, and classic have become issues through book curation topics. Through this, it can be seen that the library was closed or operated limitedly in the early days of COVID-19, but as the non-face-to-face situation was prolonged, efforts were made to replace different functions of the library online. Topics 1, 4, 9, and 14 all exceeded 5%, and Topic 9 was the highest at 9% among the 20 topics, and Topic 4 was the second-highest at 7.4%.

The final subject emphasizes the changes of the library during the COVID-19 pandemic by reestablishing the identity of the library in that period. Topic 17 and Topic 20 fall into this category. Topic 17 shows the various efforts that libraries made to survive during the pandemic. For example, it includes videos about alternative uses of library space, such as camping in the library, the several efforts of librarians to provide digital library services, and online services of the library as a lifelong learning institution. The main keywords were “reading,” “librarian,” “lifelong learning,” “citizen,” “camping,” etc. Topic 20 includes videos dealing with contents such as bookstore rental services, late fee waivers, and book loans in advance as various efforts to revitalize library use which had been reduced due to COVID-19, and the main keywords are “use,” “bookstore,” and “application,” etc. Topic 17 accounted for 7%, and Topic 20 accounted for 6.2%, both accounting for more than 5% probability.

Table 4 shows the probability of the top five terms by topics. Terms in each topic are arranged in descending order based on the probability of occurrence of terms in the topic.

The following is the result of visualizing the topic modeling network and presenting it as a map (refer to Fig. 3). Topic 9, Topic 4, Topic 15, Topic 3, and Topic 19 showed the largest ego (node) size. Topic 9 (circulation/loan), with a high probability of appearance, was linked with Topic 14, Topic 17, Topic 20, and Topic 4. It can be seen that Topic 9 is connected to topics such as library services, diverse new attempts by libraries, and library incentives during COVID-19. Additionally, it can be seen that Topic 4 (class/lecture) is connected to various topics such as Topic 3 and Topic 15 (vlog), Topic 17 (different changes of the library), Topic 9 (library service), and Topic 19 (library use).

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Fig. 3

Topic modeling network.

4.3. Channel Analysis

The total number of channels that posted videos related to COVID-19 and the library issues and participated in comments and replies was 8,379. Channel analysis was carried out to identify influencers among the relevant users and to analyze the type of relationship created and the network flow. To this end, channels that posted the most videos, the number of video views and likes, the creator-commenter relationship, and the network between users (commenter-replier) were analyzed.

Of the 304 channels that uploaded videos, 55 were operated by libraries and two were operated by librarians. Looking at the distribution of the number of videos posted by channel, one channel posted 50 or more videos, 3 channels posted 11-20 videos, 5 channels posted 6-10 videos, 2 channels posted 5 videos, 10 channels posted 4 videos, 8 channels posted 3 videos, 39 channels posted 2 related videos, and 236 channels posted only one related video, showing that various channels posted videos related to COVID-19 and the library. Of these, 129 videos were posted by library channels, and three videos were posted by librarians. It was identified that 27.6% (132 videos) of the 479 videos were posted by libraries and librarians.

Because of analysis of the top 30 channels that uploaded three or more videos, 4 channels were operated by individuals, 13 channels were operated by libraries, seven channels were operated by broadcasting and news media centers, five channels were operated by government agencies, and one channel was operated by a company. In other words, it was identified that libraries were posting the most videos about COVID-19 and the library compared to other channels.

Network analysis of the uploader-commenter and commenter-replier links for all channels was conducted, and the research results are as follows (Table 5).

First, the results of the network analysis between the video uploader and commenter are as follows. Of the 7,152 nodes, 1,769 isolated nodes, which is 24.7% of the nodes, were not connected to other nodes, and the number of links was 6,589, which was less than the number of nodes, showing that many nodes did not form links with each other. The density was 0.00009 and the clustering coefficient was 0.003, which is very low, and the average connectivity was close to 0, indicating that the network’s cohesiveness is very low. Among the top 30 channels that posted the most videos, most of them had few or no comments except for news channels or personal vlog channels, so the network density is, inevitably, low. Because of network analysis between video creators and commenters, among the top 30 channels, only three channels were operated by libraries: Seocho Cultural Foundation (5th), Gyeonggi-do Cyber Library (13th), and Seodaemun-gu Library (30th). The rest were run by broadcast and news media centers (5 channels), schools (1 channel), government agencies (3 channels), and individuals (18 channels), with channels run by individuals making up the largest proportion. In particular, the average number of comments on posted videos was insignificant in the library channels, and it was found that libraries did not write comments on other videos related to “COVID-19 and the library.” The COVID Seocho Cultural Foundation wrote 38 comments on 2 of 479 videos, and Gyeonggi-do Cyber Library and Seodaemun-gu Library wrote only one comment on one video each.

Second, the result of the network analysis of video commenters and repliers is as follows. Of the 4,704 nodes, 4,298 were isolated nodes, most of the nodes (91%) were not connected to other nodes, and the number of links was 4,088, which is less than the number of nodes. The density was 0.00005, the clustering coefficient was 0.053, and the average connectivity was close to 0, indicating that the network’s cohesiveness was very low as in the creator-commenter network. Of the top 30 channels with a large ego-network size and degree, only two were operated by libraries: the Seocho Cultural Foundation and Seodaemun-gu Library. The remaining 28 channels were operated by individuals. In other words, compared to individuals who are active in writing replies to comments on the video library, channels have a limited number of comments and are not active in communication activities such as replying to comments.

The following Fig. 4 shows the visualization of the network by selecting Fruchterman and Reingold’s layout (cooling coefficient 35; national length coefficient 1.0; maximum iterations 500) among the node layout algorithms. It shows that both the uploader-commenter and commenter-reply channel networks are distributed in multiple clusters, and many isolated networks exist at the bottom. In addition, it can be seen that the connectivity between different clusters or between nodes within a cluster is insufficient. Among the personal vlogs, vlogs about dating or studying in the library in daily life had the ego-centered network with the largest ego size and the highest degree in the network cluster, so they are in the center surrounded by other users.

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Fig. 4

Actor network.