ISSN : 1225-3480
TBTCl에 36주 동안 노출된 대복(Gomphina veneriformis)의 성장과 외투막의 조직학적 변화를 관찰하였다. 대복의 성장은 모든 실험구의 개체들이 12주 이후부터 대조구에 비해 유의적인 차이를 보이며 감소하였다(p < 0.05). 대복의 외투막은 가장자리에 4 개의 주름 (내부 안쪽, 외부 안쪽, 가운데, 바깥쪽)을 가지며, 단층의 원주형 상피층이 결합조직층을 둘러싸고 있는 구조였다. 대복의 외투막은 TBTCl 노출 12주 이후부터 혈림프동이 확장과 근섬유 다발의 분절이 관찰되었다. 노출 20주에는 내부상피층에 존재하는 점액세포들이 대조구보다 유의적인 차이를 보이며 감소하였지만(p < 0.05), 외투막 가장자리에 존재하는 주름들에서는 노출 12주까지 감소하였던 점액세포가 증가하면서 AB-PAS (pH 2.5) 반응시 보라색 (2587c)으로 관찰되는 점액물질이 관찰되었다. 이후 노출 28주에는 가운데 주름 부위의 안쪽 분지에서 상피세포의 변형이 관찰되었고, 외부 상피층에서는 상피세포의 부분적인 파괴가 관찰되었다. 실험 종료시기인 36주에는 바깥쪽 주름 부위에 호산성 과립들이 관찰되었으며, 가운데 주름부위의 바깥 분지에서 상피세포의 변형과 파괴로 인한 상피층의 붕괴가 관찰되었다. 또한 외부 상피층의 상피세포들은 입방형 또는 편평형으로의 변화와 함께 부분적인 상피층의 붕괴가 나타났고, 그로 인하여 상피층의 두께가 감소하였다. 따라서 섬모의 탈락과 점액세포의 감소 그리고 상피층의 파괴는 외투강 정화 기능의 장애로 인한 먹이 섭식의 장애를 유발할 것으로 생각되며, 특히 외투막 가장자리에 존재하는 주름들의 구조적인 변화는 각피층 형성을 억제하여 패각 성장 장애의 직접적인 원인으로 생각되어진다.
The results of the study were confirmed that tribultyltin chloride (TBTCl) induce reduction of growth and histopathological features in the mantle structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis. The experiments were taken for 36 weeks, commencing on October 25, 2005. Exposure concentrations consisted of 4 TBTCl exposure groups (0, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 μg L-1). In this study, a regression analysis by power function on SPSS was applied to the shell length data in all experimental groups. For histological analysis, mantle tissues were characterized using H-E stain, AB-PAS (pH 2.5) reaction and Masson's trichrome stain and epidermal layer thickness and mucous cell distribution were analysed using the image analyser. The shell length growth was significantly different the control and TBTCl exposure groups from 12 weeks (P<0.05). The mantle had 4-folds (inner-inner, inner-outer, middle, outer) which epidermal layer consisted simple epithlia. A periostracum was originated in the periostracal groove where between the middle fold and the outer fold. The inner epidermal layer consisted simple ciliated columnar epithelia, but the outer epidermal layer consisted simple non-ciliated columnar epithelia. The mucous cell was observed alcian blue positive (7462c, 653c) and violet (2583c) in folds and alcian blue positive (647c, 7455c) in inner epidermal layer. After 12 weeks, mantle showed extension of hemolymph sinus, and increased blue (7455c) and violet (2587c) mucous cells in inner plica of the middle fold. Cilia and striated border was disappeared and mucous cell in inner epidermal layer was reduced. Especially, at 36 weeks, a serous histopathological problem in middle and outer fold near the periostracum was observed. Moreover, epidermal layer thickness and mucous cell distribution illustrated an a tendency to be decreased as TBTCl exposure time increased. Results of this study suggest that TBTCl induce growth disorder with histopathological changes.
Abd Allah, A.T, (1997) Effects of heavy metals on survival and growth of Biomphalaria glabrata Say (Gastropoda: Pulmonata) and interaction with schistosome infection, Journal of Molluscan Study
Alzieu, C, (1984) Ecotoxicological effects of organotin compounds on oyster culture. In: Ecotoxicological testing for the marine environment. (ed by Persoone, G., Jaspers, E. and Claus, C.), University of Ghent and Institute of Scientific Research, Bredene, Belgium
Alzieu, C, (1986) Tin contamination in Arcachon Bay: effects on oyster shell anomalies, Marine Pollution Bulletin
Batley, G.E, (1989) Accumulation of tributyltin by the Sydney rock oyster, Saccostrea commercialis, Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research
Drury R.A.B, (1980) Carleton's histological technique, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Dubey, S.K, (2003) Biodegradation of tributyltins (organotins) by marine bacteria, Applied Organometallic Chemistry
Eble A.F, (2001) Anatomy and histology of Mercenaria mercenaria. In: Biology of the hard clam. (ed by Kraeuter J.N. and Castagna, M.), Elsevier, New York.
Halldórsson, H.P, (2005) The effect of pollution on scope for growth of the mussel (Mytilus edulis L.) in Iceland, Marine Environmental Research
Hinch, S.G, (1987) Size-and age-specific patterns of trace metal concentrations on fresh water clams from on acid-sensitive and a circumneutral lake, Canadian Journal of Zoology
Ju, S.M, (2006) Effect of zinc bioaccumulation on survival rate, activity, growth and organ structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae), Journal of Environmental Toxicology
Kannan, K, (1997) Elevated accumulation of tributyltin and its breakdown products in bottle nose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) found stranded along the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, Environmental Science & Technology
Kawaguti, S, (1962) Electron microscopy on the mantle of a bivalve, Fabulina nitidula, Biological Journal of Okayama University
Kim, S.Y, (1988) The effects of pollutants effluent from a steam-power plant on coastal bivalves, Oceanology Research
Lee, J.S, (2007) Risk assessment of nonlyphenol using sex ratio, sexual maturation, intersex and lipofuscin accumulation of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae), Journal of Korean Fisheries Society
Lee, J.S, (2007) Histology and ultrastructure of the mantle epidermis of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae), Journal of Shellfish Research
Lee, J.Y, (1999) Gonadal development and reproductive cycle of Gomphina melanaegis (Bivalvia: Veneridae), Journal of Korean Fisheries Society
Morrison,C.M, (1993) Histology and cell ultrastucture of the mantle and mantle lobes of the eastern oyster, Creassostrea virginica (Gmelin): a summary atlas, American Malacological Bulletin
Otludil, B, (2004) The effects of endosulfan on the great ramshorn snail, Planorbariua corneus (Gastropoda, Pulmonata): a histopathological study, Chemosphere
Park, J.J, (2003) Gonadal development and gametogenic cycle of the e벼ilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivlavia: Veneridae), Journal of Korean Fisheries Society
Park, J.J, (2006) The effect of long-term cadmium exposure on the organ structure of the equilateral venus, Gomphina veneriformis (Bivalvia: Veneridae), Bulletin of the Fisheries Science Institute Chonnam National University
Pekkarinen,M, (1996) Scanning electron microscopy, whole-mount histology, and histochemistry of two Anodontine glochidia (Bivalvia: Unionidae), Journal of Zoology
Quinn, B, (2004) The endocrine disrupting effect of municipal effluent on the zebra mussel (Dreissena polymorpha), Aquatic Toxicology
Rasmussen, L.P.D, (1983) Light and electron microscopic studies of the acute and chronic toxic effects of N-nitoroso compounds on the marine mussel, Mytilus edulis (L). II. N-methyl-N-nitro-N-nitrodoguanidine, Aquatic Toxicology
Regoli, F, (1994) Accumulation and subcelluar distribution of metals (Cu, Fe, Mn, Pb and Zn) in the Mediterranean mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis during a field transplant experiment, Marine Pollution Bulletin
Regoli, L, (2001) Organotins in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) and sediments of the Quebec City Harbour area of the St. Lawrence River, Aquatic Toxicology
Roberts,Jr.,M.H, (1987) Acute toxicity of tributyltin chloride to embyos and larvae of two bivalve mollusks, Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Salazar,M.H, (1989) Mortality, growth and bioaccumulation in mussels exposed to TBT: difference between the laboratory and the field, Oceans '89. Proceedings
Salazar, M.H, (1987) Tributyltin effects on juvenile mussel growth. In: Oceans 87, Vol. 4. Proceedings International Organotin Symposium, Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC
Salazar, S.M, (1987) Effects of tributyltin on marine organisms: Field assessment of a new site-specific bioassay system. In: Oceans 87, Vol 4. Proceedings International Organotin Symposium, Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC.
Saleuddin,A.S.M, (1974) An electron microscopic study of the formation and structure of the periostracum in Astarte (Bivalvia), Canadian Journal of Zoology
Stephenson,M.D, (1991) A field bioassay approach to determining tributyltin toxicity to oysters in California, Marine Environmental Research
Strömgren, T, (1987) The effect of tributyltin oxide on growth of Mytilus edulis, Marine Pollution Bulletin
Sunila, I, (1985) Survival, Growth and shell deformities of copper-and cadmium-exposed mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) in Brackish water, Estuarine Coastal and Shelf Science
Thain, J.E, (1986) The impact of tributyltin (TBT) antifouling paints on mollluscan fisheries, Water Science Technology
U.S EPA, (2003) Ambient aquatic life water quality criteria for tritutyltin (TBT)-final, Unites States Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC
von Bertalanffy,L, (1938) A quantitative theory of organic growth (Inquiries on growth laws. II), Human Biology
Waldock, M.J, (1983) Shell thickening in Crassostrea gigas: Organotin antifouling or sediment induced?, Marine Pollution Bulletin
Watling, H.R, (1982) effects of metals on the filtering rate of brown mussel, Perna perna, Bulletin of Environmental Contamination Toxicology
Wolniakowski, K.U, (1987) Tributyltin concentrations and Pacific oyster deformations in Coos Bay, Oregon. In: Oceans 87, Vol. 4. Proceedings International Organotin Symposium, Marine Technology Society, Washington, DC.
Yoo, J.-S, (1988) Korean shells in color, Iljisa Pub. Co., Seoul
