굴 부착기 유생의 부착 유인 효과를 조사하기 위하여 6종류(L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine,serotonin, γ-amino butyricacid, norepinephrine, epinephrine, methyl bromide) 의 신경전달물질을 채묘기질에 직접 처리하여 굴 부착기 유생의 부착유인 효과를 조사하였다. 조사결과 평균 채묘율는 각각 29.1 ±2.2%, 35.4 ± 2.0%, 19.2 ± 2.1%, 11.0 ± 1.2%, 15.2 ±0.9% 및 42.7 ± 2.7%로 MB 처리구에서 가장 높은 결과를 보였고, norepinephrine 처리구에서 유의적으로 가장 낮은 결과를 보였다 (P ＜ 0.05). 채묘기질 cm2당 부착밀도와 부착빈도는γ-amino butyric acid와 methyl bromide 처리구에서 각각1.97 ± 1.42 및 2.37 ± 1.86 마리/cm2로 가장 높은 부착밀도를보였다 (P ＜ 0.05). 본 실험결과 굴 인공종묘배양장 등에서 부착기 유생의 부착요율을 높이는데, γ-amino butyric acid와Methyl bromide를 이용하면 효과적일 것으로 보인다.
We determined the effects of neuroactive compounds known as synthetic larval settlement inducers on the settlement of the Pacific oyster C. gigas pediveliger on the larval collector. Six types of the inducers, serotonin (5-HT), γ-amino butyric acid (GABA), L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA), norepinephrine, epinephrine and methyl bromide (MB) were tested. All the chemicals induced larval settlement, MB being the most effective with settlement rate of 42.7 ± 2.7%, followed by GABA (35.4 ± 2.0%), 5-HT (29.1 ± 2.2%), L-DOPA (19.2 ± 2.1%), epinephrine (15.2 ± 0.9%), and norepinephrine (11.0 ± 1.2%). The chemicals γ-amino butyric acid and methyl bromide were also better in terms of settled density on the collector with their respective density of 1.97 ± 1.42 and 2.37 ± 1.86 ind/cm2, reminiscent of being most effective candidates for a larval settlement inducer in the oyster hatchery.
Alfaro, A.C., Young, T., Ganesan, A.M. (2011) Regulatory effects of mussel (Aulacomya maoriana Iredale 1915) larval settlement by neuroactive compounds, amino acids and bacterial biofilms. Aquaculture, 322–323: 158–168.
Andrews, W.R., Targett, N.M. and Epifanio, C.E. (2001) Isolation and characterization of the metamorphic inducer of the common mud crab, Panopeus herbstii. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 261: 121–134.
Baloun, A.J., Morse, D.E. (1984) Ionic control of settlement and metamorphosis in larval Haliotis rufescens (Gastropoda). Biology Bulletin, 167: 124– 138.
Barlow, L.A. (1990) Electrophysiological and behavioral responses of larvae of the red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) to settlement-inducing substances. Bulletin of Marine Science, 46: 537–554.
Beiras, R., Widdows, J. (1995) Induction of metamorphosis in larvae of the oyster Crassostrea gigas using neuroactive compounds. Marine Biology, 123: 327–334.
Bonar, D.B., Coon, S.L., Walch, M., Weiner, R.M. and Fitt, W. (1990) Control of oyster settlement and metamorphosis by endogenous and exogenous chemical cues. Bulletin of marine Science, 46: 484– 498.
Coon, S.L., Bonar, D.B. and Weiner, R.M. (1985). Induction of settlement and metamorphosis of the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg), by L-DOPA and catecholamines. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 94: 211– 221
Coon, S.L., Bonar, D.B., Weiner, R.M. (1986) Chemical production of clutchless oyster spat using epinephrine and norepinephrine. Aquaculture, 58: 255–262.
Coon, S.L., Fitt, W.K., Bonar, D.B. (1990a). Competence and delay of metamorphosis in the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas. Marine Biology, 106(3): 379–387.
Coon, S.L., Walch, M., Fitt, W.K., Weiner, R.M., Bonar, D.B. (1990b) Ammonia induces settlement behavior in oyster larvae. The Biological Bulletin, 179(3): 297 –303.
Couper, J.M., Leise, E.M. (1996) Serotonin injections induce metamorphosis in larvae of the gastropod mollusc Ilyanassa obsoleta. Biology Bulletin, 191: 178–186.
Crisp, D.J. (1984) Overview of research on marine invertebrate larvae. In: Grant, P.T. and Mackie, A.M. Eds., Chemoreception in Marine Organisms, vol. 1. 177–265. Academic Press, London.
Doroudi, M.S. and Southgate, P.C. (2002) The effect of chemical cues on settlement behaviour of blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera) larvae. Aquaculture, 209: 117–124.
Faimali, M., Garaventa, F., Terlizzi, A., Chiantore, M. and Cattaneo-Vietti, R. (2004) The interplay of substrate nature and biofilm formation in regulating Balanus amphitrite Darwin, 1854 larval settlement. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 306: 37–50.
Fang, Q., Lin, B.S., Fang, Y.Q. (2001) Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis of two oysters Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea cucullata by some chemicals. Journal of Oceanography Taiwan Strait, 20(1): 20–26.
Ganesan. A.M., Alfaro A.C., Brooks J.D. and Higgins C.M. (2010) The role of bacterial biofilms and exudates on the settlement of mussel (Perna canaliculus) larvae. Aquaculture, 306: 388-392.
Gao, R.C., Liu, W.B. (2006) Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis of Coelomactra antiquata using some chemicals. Journal of Fisheries China, 30(5): 597–602.
García-Lavandeira, M., Silva, A., Abad, M., Pazos, A.J., Sánchez, J.L., Pérez-Parallé, M.L. (2005) Effects of GABA and epinephrine on the settlement and metamorphosis of the larvae of four species of bivalve molluscs. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 316: 149–156.
Grant, M.N., Meritt, D.W., Kimmel, D.G. (2013) Chemical induction of settlement behavior in larvae of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). aquaculture, 402-403: 84-91.
Greene, J.K., Grizzle, R.E., (2005) Oyster (Crassostrea virginica Gmelin) restoration studies in the Great Bay estuary, New Hampshire. Final Report for NOAA Award Number NA03NOS4200060..
Hadfield, M.G., (1978) Metamorphosis in marine molluscan larvae: an analysis of stimulus and response. In: Chia, F.S. and Rice, M.E. Eds, Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae. 165–175. Elsevier, New York.
Hadfield, M.G. and Paul, V.J. (2001). Natural chemical cues for settlement and metamorphosis of marine-invertebrate larvae. In: McClintock, J.B., Baker, B.J. (Eds.), Marine Chemical Ecology. 431– 461. CRC press, New York.
Henderson, B.A. (1983) Handling and Remote Setting Techniques for the Pacific oyster larvae, Crassostrea gigas. Master’s thesis, Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, 37. Oregon State University. OR
Hur, Y.B., Min, K.S., Kim, T.E., Lee, S.J. and Hur, S.B. (2008) Larvae growth and biochemical composition change of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas, larvae during artificial seed production. Journal of aquaculture, 21: 203-212.
Jeon, C.Y., Hur Y.B. and Cho, K.C. (2013). The Effect of Water Temperature and Salinity on Settlement of Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas Pediveliger Larvae. Korean Journal of Malacology, 28: 21-28
Jensen, R.A., Morse, D.E., Petty, R.L. and Hooker, N.(1990) Artificial induction of larval metamorphosis by free fatty acids. Marine Ecological Progress of Service, 67: 55–71.
Johnson, C.R., Muir, D.G. and Reysenbach, A.L. (1991) Characteristic bacteria associated with surfaces of coralline algae: a hypothesis for bacterial induction of marine invertebrate larvae. Marine Ecological Progress of Service, 74: 281–294.
Kang, K.H., Kim, B.H., Kim, J.M. 2004. Induction of larval settlement and metamorphosis of the abalone, Haliotis discus hannai larvae using bromomethane and potassium chloride. Aquaculture, 230: 249–259.
Keough, M.J. and Raimondi, P.T. (1996) Responses of settling invertebrate larvae to bioorganic films: Effects of large-scale variation in films. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 207: 59– 78.
Leise, E.M., Thavaradhara, K., Durham, N.R., Turner, B.E. (2001) Serotonin and nitric oxide regulate metamorphosis in the marine snail Ilyanassa obsoleta.. American Zoologist, 41: 258–267.
Leitz, T. and Wagner, T. (1993) The marine bacterium Alteromonas espejiana induces metamorphosis of the hydroid Hydractinia echinate. Marine Biology, 115: 173–178.
Li, H.F., Lin, W., Zhang, G., Cai, Z.H., Cai, G.P., Chang, Y.Q., Xing, K.Z. (2006) Enhancement of larval settlement and metamorphosis through biological and chemical cues in the abalone Haliotis diversicolor suertexta. Aquaculture, 258(1–4): 416– 423.
Maki, J.S., Rittschof, D., Schmidt, A.R., Snyder, A.G. and Mitchell, R. (1989) Factors controlling attachment of bryozoan larvae: a comparison of bacterial films and unfilmed surfaces. Biological Bulletin, 177: 295–302.
Martinez, G., Aguilera, C. and Campos, E.O. (1999) Induction of settlement and metamorphosis of the scallop Argopecten purpuratus Lamarck by excess K+ and epinephrine: energetic costs. Journal of Shellfish Research, 18: 41–46.
Mesías-Gansbiller, C., Silva, A., Maneiro, V., Pazos, A., Sánchez, J.L., pérez-Parallé, M.L. (2013) Effects of chemical cues on larval settlement of the flat oyster (Ostrea edulis L.): A hatchery approach. Aquaculture, 376-379: 85-89.
Min, K.S., Chang, Y.J., Park, D.W., Jung, C.G., Kim, D.H. and Kim, G.H. (1995) Studies on rearing conditions for mass seedling production in Pacific oyster larvae, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). bulletin of National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, 49: 91-111.
Min. S.K., Kim, T.I., Hur, S.B., Hur, Y.B., Chun, C.Y. and Kim, D.H. (1999) Growth and survival of the artificial and natural seeding in the Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg). bulletin of National Fisheries Research and Development Agency, 57: 43-53.
Morse, D.E., Hooker, N., Duncan, H., Jensen, L. (1979) γ-Aminobutyric acid, a neurotransmitter, induces planktonic abalone larvae to settle and begin metamorphosis. Science, 204: 407–410.
Morse, D.E. (1990) Recent progress in larval settlement and metamorphosis: closing the gaps between molecular biology and ecology. Bulletin of marine Science, 46: 465–483.
Murthy, P.S., Venugopalan, V.P., Nair, K.V.K., Subramoniam, T. (2009) Larval settlement and surfaces: implications in development of antifouling strategies. In: Flemming, H.C., Murthy, P.S., Venkatesan, R., Cooksey, K. (Eds.), Marine and Industrial Biofouling. Springer, Berlin, pp. 233–263
Najiah, M., Nadirah, M., Lee, K.L., Lee, S.W., Wendy, W., Ruhil, H.H., Nurul, F.A. (2008) Bacteria flora and heavy metals in cultivated oysters Crassostrea iredalei of Setiu Wetland, East Coast Penincular Malaysia. Veterinary Research Communications, 32: 377–381.
Nosho, T.Y., Chew, K.K. (1991) Remote setting and nursery culture for shellfish growers. Washington Sea Grant Workshop Record (68 pp.).
Okano, K., Shimizu, K., Satuito, C.G., Fusetani, N. (1996) Visualization of cement exocytosis in the cypris cement gland of the barnacle Megabalanus rosa.. Journal of Experimental Biology, 199: 2131– 2137.
Osborne, N.N. (1971) Occurrence of GABA and taurine in the nervous systems of the dogfish and some invertebrates. Comparative and General Pharmacology, 2: 433–438.
Pawlik, J.R. (1990) Natural and artificial induction of metamorphosis of Phragmatopoma lapidosa californica (Polychaeta: Sabellariidae), with a critical look at the effects of bioactive compounds on marine invertebrate larvae. Bulletin of Marine Science, 46: 512–536.
Pawlik, J.R. (1992) Chemical ecology of the settlement of benthic marine invertebrate. Oceanogr. Marine Annual Review, 30: 273–335.
Qian, P.Y. (1999) Larval settlement of polychaetes. Hydrobiologia, 402: 239–253.
Rodriguez, S.R., Ojeda, F.P. and Inestrosa, N.C. (1993) Settlement of benthic marine invertebrates. Marine Ecological Progress of Service, 97: 193– 207.
Sánchez-Lazo, C., Martínez-Pita, I., Young, T., Alfaro, A.C. (2012) Induction of settlement in larvae of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis using neuroactive compounds. Aquaculture, 344–349: 210–215.
Schousboe, A., Waagepetersen, H.S. (2010) Serotonin (5-hydroxytrytamine; 5-HT): receptors. In: Squire, L.R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Neuroscience 4: Neurotransmitters and Receptors. Science Press, Beijing, pp. 168–172.
Tamburri, M.N., Zimmer-Faust, R.K. and Tamplin, M.L. (1992) Natural sources and properties of chemical inducers mediating settlement of oyster larvae: a re-examination. Biological Bulletin, 183: 327–338.
Taniguchi, K., Kurata, K., Maruzoi, T., Suzuki, M., 1994. Dibromomethane, a chemical inducer of larval settlement and metamorphosis of the sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus nudus. Fish. Sci. 60: 795– 796.
Teh, C.P., Zulfigar, Y., Tan, S.H. (2012) Epinephrine and l-DOPA promote larval settlement and metamorphosis of the tropical oyster, Crassostrea iredalei (Faustino, 1932): An oyster hatchery perspective. Aquaculture, 338–341: 260–263.
Todd, C.D. (1985) Settlement-timing hypothesis: reply to Grant and Williamson. Marine Ecological Progress of Services, 23: 197–202.
Yang, J.L., Satuito, C.G., Bao, W.Y., Kitamura, H. (2008) Induction of metamorphosis of pediveliger larvae of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 using neuroactive compounds, KCl, NH4Cl and organic solvents. Biofouling, 24: 461–470.
Yang, J.L., Li, Y.F., Satuito, C.G., Bao, W.Y., Kitamura, H. (2011) Larval metamorphosis of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis Lamarck, 1819 in response to neurotransmitter blockers and tetraethylammonium. Biofouling, 27; 193–199.
Yang, J.L., Li, S.H., Li, Y.F., Liu, Z.W., Liang, X., Bao, W.Y., Li, J.L. (2013) Effects of neuroactive compounds, ions and organic solvents on larval metamorphosis of the mussel Mytilus coruscus. Aquaculture, 396-399: 106-112.
Yu, X., He, W., Gu, J.D., He, M. and Yan, Y. (2008) The effect of chemical cues on settlement of pearl oyster Pinctada fucata martensii (Dunker) larvae. Aquaculture, 277: 83-91.
Walch, M., Weiner, R.M., Colwell, R.R. and Coon, S.L. (1999) Use of l-DOPA and soluble bacterial products to improve set of Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin, 1791) and C. gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Journal of Shellfish Research, 18: 133–138.
Wassnig, M., Southgate, P.C. (2012) Effects of settlement cues on behaviour and substrate attachment of hatchery reared winged pearl oyster (Pteria penguin) larvae. Aquaculture, 344–349: 216– 222.
Weiner, R.M., Walch, M., Labare, M.P., Bonar, D.B. and Colwell, R.R. (1989) Effect of biofilms of the marine bacterium Alteromonas colwelliana (LST) on set of the oysters Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793) and C. virginica (Gmelin, 1791). Journal of Shellfish Research, 8: 117–123.
Zhao, B. and Qian, P.Y. (2002) Larval settlement and metamorphosis in the slipper limpet Crepidula onyx (Sowerby) in response to conspecific cues and the cues from biofilm. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 269: 39–51.
Zhao, B., Zhang, S., Qian, P.Y. (2003) Larval settlement of the silver- or goldlip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in response to natural biofilms and chemical cues. Aquaculture, 220: 883–901.
Zimmer-Faust, R.K. and Tamburri, M.N. (1994) Chemical identity and ecological implications of a waterborne, larval settlement cue. Limnology and Oceanography, 39: 1075–1087.
