ISSN : 1225-3480
A significant production decrease has been witnessed for the Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas farmed in the western coastal waters of Korea, presumably by the loss of physiological viability. We evaluated the viability in terms of health indicators, the condition indices and hemocyte apoptosis rates of the oysters inhabiting two representative farming sites, Incheon and Taean each with different environmental variables. In our monthly measurements for the whole year 2013, the indicators were location specific. The condition indices of Incheon were highly variable, 1.67-8.58%, while those of Taean were less, 2.28-5.57%. The condition indices decreased during the spawning seasons, July and September in common. The two oysters exhibited also differed in the apoptotic activities of hemocyte, highly active, 4.03-30.15% for Incheon oysters and less active, 2.87-17.48% for Taean oysters. One thing we could identify was the two measurements were adverse during the critical seasons of spawning, reminiscent of being a useful tool for a health indicator for the oysters. Similar trend was also observed in the time when change in temperature was extreme. The findings in this study are highly indicative of health indicators for the oyster aquaculture.
Allam, B., Ashton-Alcox, K.A., and Ford, S.E. (2002)Flow cytometric comparison of haemocytes from three species of bivalve molluscs. Fish & Shellfish Immonology, 13: 141-158.
BAP. (2013) Best aquaculture practices standards, guidelines. Mussel farms. http://www.gaalliance.org
Bugge, D.M., Hegaret, H., Wikfors, G.H., and Allam, B. (2007) Oxidative burst in hard clam (Mercenaria mercenaria) hemocytes. Fish & Shellfish Immonology, 23: 188-196.
Cheng, T.C., (1981) Bivalves. In: Ratcliffe, N.A., Rowley, A.F. (Eds.), Invertebrate Blood Cells: Academic Press, London, pp. 233-299.
Cherkasov, A.S., Grewal, S., and Sokolova, I.M. (2007)Combined effects of temperature and cadmium exposure on haemocyte apoptosis and cadmium accumulation in the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). J. Therm. Biol., 32: 162-170.
Delaporte, M., Soudant, P., Lambert, C., Moal, J., Pouvreau, S., and Samain, J.F. (2006) Impact of food availability on energy storage and defense related hemocyte parameters of the Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas during an experimental reproductive cycle. Aquaculture, 254: 571-582.
Delaporte, M., Soudant, P., Lambert, C., Jegaden, M., Moal, J., Pouvreau, S., Degremont, L., Boudry, P., and Samain, J.F. (2007) Characterisation of physiological and immunological differences between Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) genetically selected for high or low survival to summer mortalities and fed different rations under controlled conditions. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 353: 45-57.
Estevez-Calvar, N., Romero, A., Figueras, A., and Novoa B. (2013) Genes of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in Mytilus galloprovincialis. PLOS ONE., 8(4): 1-13.
FAO, (2012) Fishstat. FAO Fishery and Aquaculture Global Statistics.
Filgueira, R., Comeau, L.A., Landry, T., and Mallet, A. (2013) Bivalve condition index as an indicator of aquaculture intensity: a meta-analysis. Ecol. Indic., 25: 215-229.
Filgueira, R., Guyondet, T., Comeau, L.A., and Grant, J. (2014) Physiological indices as indicators of ecosystem status in shellfish aquaculture sites. Ecol. Indic., 39: 134-143.
Fisher, W.S., Oliver, L.M., and Edwards, P. (1996)Hematologic and serologic variability of Eastern oysters from Apalachicola Bay. Florida. J. Shellfish Res., 15: 555-564.
Foley, D.A., and Cheng, T.C. (1975) A quantitative study of phagocytosis by haemolymph cells of the pelecypods Crassostrea virginica and Mercenaria mercenaria. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 25:189-197.
Foster, B., Grewal, S., Graves, O., Hughes, F.M., and Sokolova I.M. (2011) Copper exposure afects hemocyte apoptosis and Perkinsus marinus infection in eastern oysters Crassostrea virginica (Gmelin). Fish & Shellfish Immonology, 31: 341-349.
Freitas Rebelo, M., Souza Figueiredo, E., Mariante, R.M., Nobrega, A., Barros, C.M., and Allodi, S. (2013) New Insights from the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae on bivalve circulating hemocytes. PLOS ONE, 8: 1-6.
Goedken, M., and Guise, S. (2004) Flow cytometry as a tool to quantify oyster defence mechanisms. Fish &Shellfish Immunology, 16: 539-552.
Hegaret, H., Wikfors, G.H., and Soudant, P. (2003a)Flow-cytometric analysis of haemocytes from eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, subjected to a sudden temperature elevation : Ⅰ. Haemocyte types and morphology. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 293: 237-248.
Hegaret, H., Wikfors, G.H., and Soudant, P. (2003b)Flow-cytometric analysis of haemocytes from eastern oysters, Crassostrea virginica, subjected to a sudden temperature elevation : Ⅱ. Haemocyte functions:aggregation, viability, phagocytosis, and respiratory burst. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 293: 249-265.
Hughes, F.M., Foster, B., Grewal, S., and Sokolova, M. (2010) Apoptosis as a host defense mechanism in Crassostrea virginica and its modulation by Perkinsus marinus. Fish & Shellfish Immonology, 29:247-257.
Hyun, M.S., Woo, W.H., Hur, J.M., Kim, D, and Mun, Y.J. (2008) The role of ROS and p38 MAP kinase in Berberine-induced apoptosis on human hepatoma HepG2 cells. J. Korean Soc. Appl. Biol. Chem., 51(2):129-135.
Janeway, C.A. (1994) The role of microbial pattern recognition in self/nonself discrimination in innate and adaptive immunity. In: Hoffmann, J.A., Janeway, C.A., Natori, S. (Eds.), Phylogenitic Perspectives in Immunity, The Inspect Host Defence, RG Landes, Austin, TX: pp. 115-122.
Kim CW, Oh H.J. and Shin Y.K., (2013a) Effects of water temperature on the mass mortality of Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas in Gamak Bay. Korean J. Malacol., 29: 245-250.
Kim, S.K., Shim, N.Y., Lee, W.Y., Choi, M.S., Choi, E.H., and Lim, H.J. (2013b) Morphological and physiological comparison between triploid and diploid Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Korean J. Malacol., 29(3): 217-223.
Kobayashi M., Hormann E.E., Powell E.N, Klinck J.M. and Kusaka K. (1997) A population dynamics model for the Japanese oyster, Crassostrea gigas. Aquaculture, 149: 285-321.
La Peyre, J.F., Chu F.L., Movern J.A. (1995a) Hemocytic and humoral activities of eastern and pacific oysters following challenge by the protozoan Perkinsus marinus. Fish Shellfish Immunol., 5: 179-190.
La Peyre, J.F., Chu F.L., Vogelbein W.K. (1995b) In vitro interaction of Perkinsus marinus merozoites with eastern and pacific oyster hemocytes. Dev. Comp. Immunol., 19: 291-304.
Lawrence, D.R. and Geoffrey, I.S. (1982) The determination and use of condition index of oysters, Estuaries Research Federation., 5(1): 23-27.
Lim, H.J., Lee, T.S., Cho, P.G., Back, S.H., Byun, S.G and Choi, E.H. (2011) The production efficiency of cupped oyster, Crassostrea gigas Spat according to clutch aqnd growth comparing diploid and triploid oysters in off-bottom culture for tidal flat utilization, Kor J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 44(3): 259-266.
Lim, H.J., Back, S.H., Lim, M.S., Choi, E.H., and Kim, S.K. (2012) Regional variations in Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas growth and the number of larvae occurrence and spat settlement along the west coast, Korea. Korean J. Malacol., 28(3): 259-267.
Lutz, R.A., Incze, L.S., Porter, B., and Stotz, J.K. (1980)Seasonal variation in the condition of raft-cultured mussels (Mytilus edulis L.). Proc. World Maricul. Soc., 11: 262-268.
Mann, R., Burreson E.M., Baker P.K. (1991) The decline of the Virginia oyster fishery in Chesapeake bay:Considerarions for introduction of a non-endemic species, Crassostrea gigas (Thunberg, 1793). Journal of shellfish research, 10: 379-388.
McCormick-Ray, M.G. an Howard, T. (1991) Morphology and mobility of oyster hemocytes: Evidence for seasonal variations. Journal of Invertebrate pathology, 58: 219-230.
MIFAFF. (2012) Food, agriculture, forestry and fisheries statistical yearbook, MIFAFF. 477p.
MOMAF. (2005) Standard methods for the examination of sea water, sediment and marine organism. Ministry of Maritime Affairs & Fisheries. 389p.
Orban, E., Di Lena, G., Nevigato, T., Casini, I., Marzetti, A. and Caproni, R. (2002) Seasonal changes in meat condition index and chemical composition of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis)cultures in two different Italian sites. Food Chem., 77: 57-65.
Shpigel, M., Barber B.J., Mann, R., (1992) Effects of elevated temperature on growth, gametogenesis, physiology, and biochemical composition in diploid and triploid Pacific oysters, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg. J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol., 161: 15-25.
Smaal, A.C., Schellekens, T., van Stralen, M.R., and Kromkamp, J.C. (2013) Decrease of the carrying capacity of the Oosterschelde estuary (SW Delta, NL)for bivalve filter feeders due to overgrazing? Aquaculture., 404-405: 28-34.
Sokolova, I.M., Evans, S., and Hughes, F.M. (2004)Cadmium-induced apoptosis in oyster haemocytes involves disturbance of cellular energy balance but no mitochondrial permeability transition. J. Exp. Biol., 207: 3369-3380.
