바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Importance of Knowledge Produced in the Management Consulting Sector -A Perspective Analysis related to the research field of Strategy-as-Practice

East Asian Journal of Business Economics / East Asian Journal of Business Economics, (E)2288-2766
2014, v.2 no.3, pp.1-17
https://doi.org/10.13106/eajbe.2014.vol2.no3.1
Renato Lopes da Costa (University Institute of Lisbon, Portugal)
Nélson Santos Antonio (University Institute of Lisbon)

Abstract

Although management consulting activities have obtained a considerable growth in terms of economic significance in recent years, these results have not been duly followed by a greater number of conceptual and empirical research in this area. In order to fight the lack of studies on the actual work of management consultants, this article aims at answer some questions that remain open. Is management consulting an intensive and specialized knowledge activity? Are there knowledge and learning key success factors in this area? Are consultants the real experts and the true practitioners of strategy as practice? The results of the empirical analysis in the form of semi-structured interviews and questionnaires given to management consultants and SME managers in Portugal shows that management consulting is founded on a knowledge-intensive base, although consultants cannot be called strategy practitioners as many authors call them. This is illustrated by the Portuguese model of determinants that constitute the management consulting industry presented in this article, which means this proposition is a new direction in strategic thinking in what the field's research strategy-as-practice concerns.

keywords
Management Consulting, Strategy-as-Practice, Knowledge, Learning

Reference

1.

[1]Aaltonen, P. (2003), Actions that realise strategy, EGOS of 19th European Group of Organizational Studies Colloquium (EGOSC): Copenhagen.

2.

[2]Alvesson, M. (1993), Organizations as rhetoric: knowledge-intensive firms and the struggle with ambiguity, Journal of Management Studies30 (6), 997-1015.

3.

[3]Alvesson, M. (1995), Management of Knowledge-Intensive Companies, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin: New York.

4.

[4]Amorim, C. (1999), Management consultants as external sources of innovation, The European Yearbook of Business Historypor W. Feldenkirchen and T. Gourvish2, 181-227.

5.

[5]Amorim, C. e M. Kipping (1999), Selling consultancy services: the consultancy services – the Portuguese case in historical and Comparative perspective, Business and Economic History 28 (2), 45-56.

6.

[6]Ayer, A. (1956), The Problem of Knowledge, St. Martin´s Press: New York.

7.

[7]Bechina, A. e T. Bommen (2006), Knowledge shaping practices: analysis of a global Scandinavian consulting company, The Electronic Journal of Knowledge Management 4 (2), 109-116.

8.

[8]Bloomfield, B. e A. Danieli (1995), The role of management consultants in the development of information technology: the indissoluble nature of socio-political and technical skills, Journal of Management Studies 32 (1), 23–46.

9.

[9]Bracker, J. (1980), The historical development of the strategic management concept,Academy of Management Review 5 (2), 219-224.

10.

[10]Brooking, A. (1999), Corporate Memories, Strategies for Knowledge Management, Thompson Business Press: London.

11.

[11]Brown, J. e P. Duguid (1991), Organizational learning and communities-of-practice: Towards a unified view of working, learning and innovating, Organization Science 2 (1), 40–58.

12.

[12]Carmo, H. e Ferreira, M. (1998), Metodologia da Investigação: Guia para Auto-aprendizagem, Universidade Aberta, Lisboa.

13.

[13]Clark, T. (1995), Managing Consultants - Consultancy as the Management of Impressions, Open University Press: Buckingham.

14.

[14]Clark, T. e G. Salaman (1996), The management guru as organizational witchdoctor, Organisation Studies, 3 (1), 85–107.

15.

[15]Clark, T. (2004), Strategy viewed from a management fashion perspective, European Management Review1, 105-111.

16.

[16]Cummings, S. e D. Wilson (2003), Images of strategy, em Cummings e Wilson, Blackwell: Oxford, 1-40.

17.

[17]Davenport, T. e L. Prusak (2000), Working Knowledge, Harvard Business School Press: Boston.

18.

[18]Dawes, P., G. Dowling, e P. Patterson (1992), Criteria used to select management consultants, Industrial Marketing Management 21, 187-193.

19.

[19]Denis, J. L., A. Langley e L. Rouleau (2003), Strategizing in Pluralistic Contexts: Rethinking Theoretical Frames, EGOS, 19th European Group of Organizational Studies Colloquium: Copenhagen.

20.

[20]Dixon, N. (2002), Common Knowledge: How Companies Thrive by Sharing What They Know, Harvard Business Press: Boston.

21.

[21]Drucker, P. (2000), Management Challenges for the 21stCentury, Harper Business: New York.

22.

[22]Engwall, L. e M. Kipping, (2002), Introduction: Management consulting as a knowledge industry, em Kipping e Engwall (Eds.), Management Consulting. Emergence and Dynamics of a Knowledge Industry, Oxford University Press: Oxford, 1-16.

23.

[23]Ernst, B. e A. Kieser (2002), In search of explanations for the consulting explosion, emSahlin-Andersson e Engwall (eds.), The Expansion of Management Knowledge:Carriers, Ideas and Circulation, Stanford University Press, Stanford, 47-73.

24.

[24]Ezzamel, M. e H. Willmott (2004), Rethinking strategy: contemporary perspectives and debates, European Management Review 1 (1), 43-48.

25.

Ferreira, J. e J. Peixoto (1992), Rural sociology and rural development in Portugal – history, recent trends and prospects, Irish Journal of Sociology 2, 122 – 141.

26.

[25]Fincham, R. (1999), The consultant-client relationship: critical perspectives on the management of organizational change, Journal of Management Studies 36 (3) 335-352.

27.

[26]Fincham, R. e T. Clark (2002a), Preface: management consultancy – issues, perspectives and agendas, International Studies of management and Organization, 32 (4), 3-18.

28.

[27]Fincham, R., T. Clark., K. Handley e A. Sturdy (2008), Configuring expert knowledge: the consultant as sector specialist, Journal of Organizational Behaviour 29 (8), 1145-1160.

29.

[28]Freire, S. (2008), Evolução do Sector de Consultoria de Gestão em Portugal: Que Futuro?, Tese de Mestrado em Economia, Gestão e Engenharia Industrial: Universidade de Aveiro.

30.

[29]Føsstenløkken, S., B. Lowendahl e O. Revang (2003), Knowledge development through client interaction, Organization Studies24, 859–879.

31.

[30]Fullerton, J. e M. West, (1996), Consultant and client - working together?, Journal of Managerial Psychology 11 (6), 40-49.

32.

[31]Giddens, A. (1984), The Constitution of Society: Outline of the Theory of Structuration, Berkeley: University of California.

33.

[32]Grob, C. e A. Kieser (2006), Are consultants moving towards professionalization?,em Greenwood e Suddaby (eds), Professional Service Firms. Research in the sociology of organizations, Elsevier: Amsterdam 24, 69-100.

34.

[33]Hamel G. (1996), Competing For the Future, Harvard Business School Press: Boston.

35.

[34]Hendry, J. (2000), Strategic decision making, discourse, and strategy as social practice,Journal of Management Studies 37 (7), 955-977.

36.

[35]Hutzschenreuter, T. e I. Kleindienst (2006), Strategy process research: What have We learned and what is still to be learned, Journal of Management 32, 673–720.

37.

[36]Inácio, A. e D. Weir (1993), Portugal: A Developing Country, emHickson (eds), Management. Western Europe: Berlin, 191-203.

38.

[37]Inkpen, A. (1996), Creating knowledge through collaboration, California Management Review39, 123 -140.

39.

[38]Jackall, R. (1988), Moral Mazes - The World of Corporate Managers, OU: Oxford.

40.

[39]Jarzabkowski, P. (2003), Strategic practices: An activity theory perspective on continuity and change, Journal of Management Studies 40 (1), 23-55.

41.

[40]Jarzabkowski, P. (2004), Strategy-as-practice: Recursiveness, adaptation, and practices-in-use,Organization Studies 25 (4), 529-560.

42.

[41]Jarzabkowski, P. (2005), Strategy-as-Practice: An Activity Based Approach, Sage: London.

43.

[42]Jarzabkowski, P. e D. Wilson (2002), Top teams and strategy in a UK university,Journal of Management Studies 39 (3), 223–382.

44.

[43]Jarzabkowski, P e D. Seidl (2008), The role of meetings in the social practice of strategy, Organization Studies 29 (11), 1391-1426.

45.

[44]Jarzabkowski, P., J. Balogun e D. Seidl (2007), Strategizing: The challenges of a practice perspective, Human Relations 60 (1), 5-27.

46.

[45]Jarzabkowski, P. e P. Spee (2009), Strategy-as-practice: A review and future directions for the field, International Journal of Management Reviews 11 (1), 69-95.

47.

[46]Johnson, G., L. Melin, e R. Whittington (2003), Micro strategy and strategizing: Towards an activity-based view, Journal of Management Studies 40 (1), 3-22.

48.

[47]Johnson, G., A. Langley, L. Meline R. Whittington (2007), Strategy as Practice: Research Directionsand Resources, Cambridge University Press: Cambridge.

49.

[48]Kaiser, S. e T. Kampe (2005), A strategy-as-Practice Perspective on the Work of Profession of Strategy Consultants. EGOS, Professional Service Organizations and Professionalization at Work: Berlim, Germany.

50.

[49]Karantinou, K. e M. Hogg (2001), Exploring relationship management in professional services - A study of management consultancy, Journal of Marketing Management 17, 263–86.

51.

[50]Karantinou, K. e M. Hogg (2009), An empirical investigation of relationship development in professional business services, Journal of Services Marketing 23 (4), 249 – 260.

52.

[51]Kirby, D. e D. Jones-Evans (1997), Small technology-based professional consultancy services in the united kingdom, The Service Industries Journal 17 (1), 155-172.

53.

[52]Knights, D. e G. Morgan (1991), Corporate strategy, organizations, and subjectivity: A critique, Organization Studies 12 (2), 251-273.

54.

[53]Lundberg, C. (1997), Towards a general model of consultancy: Foundations, Journal of Organizational Change Management 10 (3), 193-201.

55.

[54]Lundgren, M. e M. Blom (2009), The Practice of Strategy Consultants, 25th Egos Colloquium, Barcelona (Julho 2-4).

56.

[55]McGivern, C. (1983), Some facets of the relationship between consultants and clients in organizations, Journal of Management Studies 20 (3), 367-386.

57.

[56]McLarty, R. e T. Robinson (1998), The practice of consultancy and a professional development strategy,Leadership and Organisation Development Journal 19 (5), 256-263.

58.

[57]Nonaka, I. e H. Takeuchi (1995), The Knowledge-Creating Company, Oxford University Press: Oxford.

59.

[58]Perkin, H. (2002), The Rise of the Professional Society: England since 1880, Routledge, 3ª Edição: New York.

60.

[59]Pettigrew, A., H. Thomas e R. Whittington (2002), Strategic management: The strengths and limitations of a field, em Pettigrew, Thomas e Whittington (eds),The Handbook of Strategy and Management,Sage: London.

61.

[60]Poufelt, F., L. Greiner e A. Bhambri (2005), The changing global consulting industry, em Greiner e Poulfelt (eds), The Contemporary Consultant, Thomson South-Western: Mason, Ohio.

62.

[61]Powell, M. (1997), The Nature, Structure and Management of Management Consulting Organizations, Tese de Doutoramento em Gestão, University of Cambridge.

63.

[62]Salaman, G. (2002), Understanding advice: towards a sociology consultancy, em Clark e Fincham (eds), Critical Consulting: The Management Advice Industry, Blackwell Publishers: Oxford.

64.

[63]Schatzki, T. (2001), Introduction: practice theory, em Schatzki (eds), The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, Routledge: London.

65.

[64]Sharif, M., N. Zakaria, N. Chinge L. Fung (2005), Facilitating Knowledge Sharing through Lessons Learned System. Journal of Knowledge Management Practice 6.

66.

Silva, A (1997), O Sistema financeiro Português e o movimento de internacionalização de empresas, Economia e Perspectiva 2, 59-70.

67.

[65]Sturdy, A (1997), The consultancy process - An insecure business?, Journal of Management Studies 34 (3), 389-414.

68.

[66]Sturdy, A. (2009), Popular consultancy critiques and a politics of management learning?, Management Learning 40 (4),457-463.

69.

[67]Sturdy, A.e C. Wright (2008), A consulting diaspora? Enterprising selves as agents of enterprise, Organization 15 (3), 427–744.

70.

[68]Sturdy, A., M. Schwarz e A. Spicer (2006), Guess who is coming for dinner? Structures and uses of liminality in strategic management consultancy, Human Relations 59, 929–960.

71.

[69]Sturdy, A., T. Clark, R. Finchame K. Handley (2009), Between innovation and legitimation - Boundaries and knowledge flow in management consultancy, Organization 16 (5), 627-653.

72.

[70]Swidler, A. (2001), What anchors cultural practices, em Schatzki (eds), The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, Routledge: London.

73.

[71]Thévenot, L. (2001), Pragmatic regimes governing the engagement with the world, em Schatzki (eds),The Practice Turn in Contemporary Theory, Routledge: London.

74.

[72]Van de Ven, A. (1992), Suggestions for studying strategy process: A research note, Strategic Management Journal13, 169–188.

75.

[73]Werr, A. e A. Styhre (2002), Management consultants friend or foe?, International Studies of Management & Organization 32 (4), 43-66.

76.

[74]Werr, A. e H. Linnarsson (2002), Management consulting for client learning? Clients’ perceptions on learning in management consulting, em Buono (eds), Knowledge and Value Development in Management Consulting. Information Age: Greenwich.

77.

[75]Whittington, R. (2001), Learning to Strategise: Problems of Practice, EGOS, 17th European Group of Organizational Studies Colloquium, Lyon.

78.

[76]Whittington, R (2002), Practice perspectives on strategy: Unifying and developing a field,Academy of Management Conference: Denver.

79.

[77]Whittington, R. (2006), Completing the practice turn in strategy research, Organization Studies 27 (5), 613–634.

80.

[78]Whittington, R. (2007), Strategy practice and strategy process: Family differences and the sociological eye, Organization Studies 28 (10), 1575-1586.

81.

[79]Whittington, R., G. Johnson e L. Melin (2004),The Emerging Field of Strategy Practice: Some Links, a Trap, a Choice and a Confusion, EGOS, 20th European Group of Organizational Studies Colloquium: Ljubljana.

82.

[80]Willem, A. e H. Scarbrough (2002), Structural Effects on Inter-Unit Knowledge Sharing: The Role of Coordination Under Different Knowledge Sharing Needs,Learning AndCapabilitie, 3rd European Conference On Organisational Knowledge: Athens.

83.

[81]Wilson, D. e P. Jarzabkowski (2004), Thinking and acting strategically: New challenges for interrogating strategy, European Management Review 1 (1), 14-20.

84.

[82]Yin, R. (1994), Case Study Research Design and Methods, Sage, 2ª edição: Thousand Oaks.

East Asian Journal of Business Economics