Abstract

Genetics play a significant role in early temperament. However, recent studies suggest the impact of social and cultural factors on shaping early temperament. This possibility has not been explored with Korean infants. To explore potential environmental effects, we compared two sets of parental reports on the Infant Temperament Questionnaire: (1) reports we collected between 2014-2023 and (2) those reported on Wui (1994). Specifically, we explored changes over time and the impact of social isolation during COVID-19 (2020-2022). Results showed increased positive emotionality and distractibility, with decreases in approaching/withdrawal and negative emotionality compared to Wui (1994). Attention persistence varied by age and sex, while activity remained stable. Negative emotionality was higher during COVID-19. These findings suggest that environmental factors and changes in parental sensitivity may influence perceptions of infant temperament, highlighting the need to further illuminate potential social and cultural influences on parents’ values.