Abstract

This study aimed to develop and validate a Six-Factor Parenting Attitudes Scale for preschool caregivers. Based on the self-determination theory (SDT), six parenting attitudes that support or frustrate children's needs for autonomy, competence, and relatedness were organized into six subfactors of autonomy support, control, structure, inconsistency, warmth, and rejection. After reviewing relevant theories and previous studies, 79 initial items were developed and 63 preliminary items were selected. Exploratory factor analysis was used involving 592 mothers of pre-school children, resulting in 30 items selected for six factors. To validate this scale, we conducted confirmatory factor analysis and correlation analysis of 549 mothers. The results showed that the Six-Factor Parenting Attitudes Scale is a reliable and valid measure of parent-reported parenting attitudes. This study developed a scale in a rational-empirical manner based on the self-determination theory, which would be useful in clinical and educational settings to support the development and adjustment of young children.