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Abstract

For the ecosystem conservation and the effective management of naturalized plant species on261 uninhabited islands distributed in southern and western sea in Korea, we tested the interrelationship betwen the patern of distribution and dispersal of the naturalized plant species and the factors of geographical environment of uninhabited islands such as island area, distance from mainland, latitude, longitude, human impacts and habitat diversity. Out of 261 uninhabited islands surveyed, 106 species of the naturalized plants occurred on 229 (87.7%) islands. The naturalized plant species per island averaged 4.6 (SD=4.07) species, and plant species number were higher in southern group (87 species) than in western group (64 species) of Rumex crispus L. (153 islands), Erigeron annuus Pers. (130 islands), and Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronquist (121 islands), the highest grade '5' of 'degree of naturalization'. The occurrence frequency of 106 naturalized plant species was significantly correlated with island area, distance to mainland, strength of human impacts, and latitude and longitude. Correlation coefficient (r=-0.330) between occurrence frequency and distance from mainland was higher than between occurrence frequency and island area (r=0.182). The result of path analysis confirmed that plant species number was significantly affected by island area p=0.336) and distance from mainland (p=-0.490), but in this analysis the effect of human impacts on plant species number was very weak (p=0.003). On the basis of these results, strategies on the conservation of ecosystem and the management of naturalized plant species in the uninhabited islands of Korea were discussed.

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This study was conducted to investigate the effects of thinning on soil properties and seedproductivity in the 25-year-old Cryptomeria japonica and 30-year-old Chamaecyparis obtusa seed orchards in which thinning had been performed 4 years prior to the study. To this end, soil properties, cone and seed characteristics, seed production (kg/ha), and nutrient contents in seeds and cones were studied by 4 different thinning intensities (0, 20, 40, and 60%). Soil properties were not significantly different between the two orchards. Meanwhile, electric conductivity, total nitrogen, and K+concentration in the soil of C. obtusa seed orchard were significantly different among 4 different thinning intensities (p<0.05), while only Ca2+concentration in the C. japonica seed orchard was different (p<0.05). In the C. obtusa seed orchard, cone productivity increased with the increase of thinning intensities (p<0.05), whereas that in the C. japonica seed orchard did not show any significant differences. Both of the two seed orchards showed a tendency that seeds become bigger and heavier with the increase of thinning intensitproduction (kg/ha) in the C. obtusa seed orchard significantly increased with the increase of thinning intensities, while that of the C. japonica seed orchard decreased. Nutrient contents in seeds and cones did not show any significant differences among different thinning intensities in both of the two seed orchards.

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Abstract

To determine the minimum area for conservation of four Halophytic species populations, weevaluate the genetic diversity of four species based onspecies populations, Phragmites comunis Trin, Suaeda japonica Makino, Zoysia sinica Hance, and S. maritima (L.) Dumort, from the southwestern coast of Korea, were selected for this study. The genetic diversity index (ΨST) of Phragmites comunis was 0.3856, Suaeda japonica 0.1445, Suaeda maritima 0.1669, and Zoysia sinica 0.2422. Based on the genetic diversity of population, we could determine the minimum area for conservation of each species as follows. P. comunis needs 500 x 500 m2, S. japonica, S. maritima, and Z. sinica 100 x 100 m2for keeping their genetic identity.

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The study analyzed the distribution of mamalia pe r altitude in Gamebong, the highest trail ofJuwangsan National Park and confirmed the inhabitation of 22 different species inhabiting in the park. Starting from 200 m to 800 m above the sea level was segmented into 100 m unit. The result of analysis has shown that the Tamias sibiricus is the dominant specie throughout in all segments. Species confirmed to be inhabiting in all segments of research areas were Mustela sibirica, Caproelus pygargus and squirel. By analyzing the confirmed Field Sign basing from the observation point, it has shown close relations between types of species and population following the increase in altitude (y=-0.0234X + 25.552, R2=0.9296, F0.05(1, 4)=7.71, p<0.05). However, the result of analysis targeting nine species inhabiting in at least five out of six 100 m segmented units has shown that only two species, Apodemus agrarius (y=-0.034X+25.2, R2=0.905, F0.05(1, 4)=38.169, p<0.01) and Sciurus vulgaris (y=-0.0154X + 12.819, R2=0.781, F0.05(1, 4)=14.270, p<0.05) were affected by the altitude. Therefore, it is judged that the distribution of species does not follow the altitude variation but follows the food conditions and the structure of habitat. The result of analysis of Box and Whisker Diagram had shown lowest quartile deviation(QU-QL ～300 m above the sea level, where hikers are prohibited from entering. In 500～600 m above the sea level segment that has similar food environment and trail, it has shown the widest distribution. Further research is required on this segment for the excretion drops of Prionailurus bengalensis, a Grade II class of endangered species, were found on the trails.

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This study was carried out to classify all forest vegetation types in Ulleung Island, Korea usingthe methodology of the Z.-M. school's phytosociology, and map out the spatial distribution patterns of those vegetation types. The forest vegetation was classified into the mountain forest type (Acer okamotoanum comunity group) and maritime forest type (Artemisia scoparia community group). Vegetation units at the comunity level were divided into three categories; six comunities, sixteen groups, and seven subgroups, Fagus engleriana comunity accounted for 1,952 ha (35.2%), Hedera rhambea comunity for 1,196 ha (21.6%), Camellia japonica comunity for 1,104 ha (19.9%), Sambucus sieboldiana var. pendula comunity for 612 ha (11.0%), Aster spathulifolius comunity for 506 ha (9.1%), and Tsuga sieboldii - Pinus parviflora community for 174 ha (3.1%). According to canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), variables such as Mg2+, pH, Ca2+ maritime vegetation types, and variables such as total nitrogen, carbon content, C/N ratio and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were highly correlated in mountain vegetation types, respectively. The sea level and the slope direction were not showing regular trend as a factor to decide on species diversity, evenness and richness in this research area. But it seems to be affected by topography, slope degree and dominance vegetation.

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We assessed the species composition and structure of the three representative foreststands(Pinus densiflora stand, Quercus variabilis stand, and Quercus mongolica stand), dominated in the National Long-Term Ecological Research Sites of Mt. Worak, Korea and established a benchmark series of permanent plots and transects with which future changes in forest composition and structure could be monitored. Species richness of Q. mongolica stand was greater than other two stands, due in large part to The successional trends of the three study stands would be mostly changed as Q. mongolica forest, regardless of forest types. Mean density ratio between alive trees and dead trees of three forest stands appeared with Q. mongolica stand 75:25, Q. variabilis stand 94:6, and P. densiflora stand 86:14, Q. mongolica stand appeared most highly from in three stands.This may be due to interspecific or intraspecific competition that it follows in various successesional stages. One side, when it saw the tree status which shows the tree health, the three did not appear entirely. Remeasurement of permanent plots at periodic intervals will provide useful information on the dynamics of the forest vegetation that can be used in the development of adaptive conservation plans.

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We investigated Cd and Pb accumulation levels in tissues of 25 individuals of three species ofloons wintering in coastal areas of Busan, Korea. Their liver, muscle, kidney and bone tissues were analyzed for Cd and Pb concentrations. Significant difference of Cd and Pb concentrations was not found among the three species (p>0.05). Individual Cd values ranged from 0.02 to 18.3μg/g. Cd concentrations were highest in kidney and lowest in bone. Levels (3.45～6.34μg/g) of all the analyzed liver Cd were similar in comparison with those (ND～7.1 μg/g) reported for the loons in different areas. All but one (Gavia arctica) of kidney Cd levels were lower than the exposed level (>30μg/g). Individual Pb values ranged from 0.03 to 1.49μg/g. Pb concentrations were highest in bone and lowest in muscle. Liver Pb levels in this study were similar to those of normal loons reported from different countries. Based on hepatic Pb levels, almost all of the samples were classified as background level (0.15～3.0μg/g).

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T Sterna albifrons and seven clutches having mixed eggsby little terns and kentish plovers Charadrius alexandrinus were recorded during the breeding seasons of 2003 ～2005 at Ganwol lake, Hongsung-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, Korea. The frequency of egg retrieval by Little Terns was higher after the second egg laying regardless of the clutch size and incubation stage. The frequency of egg retrieval was high at all incubation stage. When experimental eggs were placed within 15 cm from the nests, the percentage of egg retrieval was highest (almost 100%). However the percentage dropped rapidly over 35～5 cm range and finally to zero at 60 cm distance. Little terns retrieved all kinds of eggs set near their nests regardless of its kind or size. This study suggests that egg retrieval by little terns may be a source of the nest with supernormal and mixed egg clutch observed in this species.

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Effects of Pb and CO2 on soil microbial community associated with Pinus densiflora wereinvestigated using comunity level physiological profiles (CLPP) and 16S rDNA PCR-denaturing gradient gel taminated soils, and cultivated for 3 months in the growth chamber where CO2 concentration was controlled at 380 or 760 ppmv. The structure of microbial community was analyzed in 6 kinds of soil samples (CA-0M : CO2 380 ppmv + Pb 0 mg/kg + initial, CB-0M : CO2 380 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg + initial, CA-3M : CO2 380 pmv + Pb 0 mg/kg + after 3 months, CB-3M : CO2 380 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg + after 3 months, EA-3M : CO2 760 ppmv + Pb 0 mg/kg + after 3 months, EB-3M : CO2 760 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg + after 3 months). After 3 months, the substrate utilization in the uncontaminated soil samples (CA-3M vs EA-3M) was not significantly influenced by CO2 concentrations. However, the substrate utilization in the Pb-contaminated soil samples (CB-3M vs EB-3M) was enhanced by the elevated CO2 concentrations. The results of principal component analysis based on substrate utilization activities showed that the structure of microbial community structure in each soil sample was grouped by Pb-contamination. The similarities of DGE fingerprints were 56.3 % between the uncontaminated soil samples (CA-3M vs EA-3M), and 71.4% between the Pb-con-2 380 ppmv (CA-3M vs CB-3M) and CO2 760 ppmv (EA-3M vs EB-3M) were 53.3% and 35.8%, respectively. These results suggested that the structure of microbial community associated with Pinus densiflora were sensitively specialized by Pb-contamination rather than CO2 concentration.

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This work was investigated the effects of the elevated CO2 and Pb contamination on the growthof Pinus densiflora. Two-years pine trees were planted in Pb-contaminated soils (500 mg/kg-soil) and uncontaminated soils, and cultivated for 3 months in the growth chamber where CO2 concentration was controlled at 380 or 760 ppmv. The growth of P. densiflora were comparatively analyzed in 4 kinds of soil samples (CA : CO2 380 ppmv + Pb 0 mg/kg, CB : CO2 380 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg, EA : CO 2 760 ppmv + Pb 0 mg/kg, EB : CO2 760 ppmv + Pb 500 mg/kg). It was measured the growth changes of the P. densiflora caused by CO 2 concentration and Pb contamination. The growth of P. densiflora was remarkably inhibited in the Pb-contaminated soil, although the biomass and the root elongations were not significantly affected by the elevated CO2. These results suggested that the growth of P. densiflora was sensitively influenced by Pb contamination rather than CO2 concentration. Compared to the initial soil, total Pb concentration in the soil samples was decreased at 760 ppmv CO 2 as well as at 380 ppmv CO 2 after 3 months. The accumulation of Pb in the roots at 760 ppmv CO2 was two-fold of that at 380 ppmv CO2, indicating that Pb bioavailability in the root of P. densiflora might be affected by the elevated CO2.

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This study examined the decomposition of blades and culms of aquatic emergent plant species,Zizania latifolia, Phragmites comunis and Typha angustata, The experiment was carried out from July to December, 205 in fresh water of Lake Paldang using litter bag method. The liter bags had 1.2 mm mesh size and were suspended at 1 m depth of water surface. Remaining mas of blades and culms of each species after 97 days was 21.2% and 22.6% of initial mas in Z. latifolia, 32.5% and 56.4% in P. comunis and 44.7% and 38.1% in T. angustata, respectively. The plant tisue having high N concentration and low C/N exhibited the faster decay rate than the others. rate. Water temperature was the most effective environmental factor on the emergent macrophyte liter decomposition in aquatic ecosystems. According to the water temperature, DO, NO3--N, and total phosphate concentration were changed in the linear way. The mas loss of plant tissue of emergent macrophytes showed positive relationship with P concentration in water. The experiments on the decomposition of the liter using diferent mesh sized liter bag did not show significant diferences betwen them. The results suggest lentic and lower part of a stream, was afected by microbial activities better than the micro-invertebrates such as shredders.

초록

화분 분석을 위한 CL-4 시추공 시료는 충청남도 태안군 소원면 의항리 천리포 수목원내 논바닥에서 획득하였다 (36 47' 57"N, 126 09' 04"E). 이 지점에서 서쪽 약 200 m부터 서해이다(Fig. 1). 연구 지역의 기후 현황은 서산 기상대의 1968～2005년 38년간의 자료를 이용하였다. 그 결과 연강수량은 약 1,244 mm, 월 강수량이 100 mm 이상인 달은 6～9월로서 이 시기 강수량은 연강수량의 약 65%(약 811 mm)를 초과하였다. 이는 한반도가 동아시아몬순(동아시아 여름 계절풍)의 영향으로 인한 6～7월 장마, 9월 가을 장마와 8～9월 태풍의 영향으로 이 시기에 강수가 집중된 결과이다. 반면 동절기(12～2월)는 연강수량의 약 7%(약 91 mm) 이하의 강수량을 나타내었다. 기온은 월평균 20℃이상 되는 달이 6～9월이며, 평균 기온이 0℃ 이하인 달은 1～2월이었다. 이는 무덥고 습한 여름과 춥고 건조한 겨울로 정리된다(Fig. 2). 또한 온량 지수(WI)와 한랭 지수(CI)는 각 98.7, 17.6로서 연구 지역이 냉온대 남부 지역의 식생대에 해당함을 알 수 있다(Yim and Kira 1975).재료 및 방법퇴적물 채집은 천리포수목원 내의 논 (해발고도 374 cm)에서 기계 시추기에 의해 이루어졌다 . 지표 아래 약 539 cm까지 확보된 시추공 시료를 층위별 구분하여 총 121개의 분석용 시료를 채집해서 화분 분석에 이용하였다 . 한편 층위를 고려하여 12개의 시료를 14C연대측정에 이용하였다. 화분 분석을 위한 시료는 KOH-ZnCl2-Acetolysis법을 이용하여 처리한 후 글리세린 젤리로 봉입(Erdtman 1960)하여 현미경하 400배로 검경하였다.산출 화분포자는 과 또는 속 별로 Trees(고목화분), Shrubs(관목화분), Herbs(초본화분), Spores(포자류)로 구분하였다. 산출 화분수는 고목 화분 출현수 기준 300립 이상 검경하였다. 검경 결과 93종류의 화분상이 확인되었다. 이중 주요한 과, 속 화분포자의 출현율은 고목화분수를 모수로 하여 백분율 (%)로 계산하였고, 화분율을 화분 변천도(pollen diagram)에 나타내었다. 또한 전체 화분 출현수를 모수로 하여 Trees, Shrubs, Herbs, Spores의 출현율 역시 백분율(%)로 계산하여 화분변천도에 통합하였다 .2006년 12월 한반도 중서부 지역의 후빙기 식생 변천사 575의 퇴적물은 모래가 많이 포함되어 있는 실트질로서 퇴적물의 색깔은 주로 dark greenish grey이었다. 퇴적물의 하층부(해발고도 -100 cm 이하)는 해안가에서 흔히 볼 수 있는 굵은 모래가 퇴적되었고, 상부로 갈수록 모래의 입경은 점 작아지고 , 식물

Abstract

A sediment core from the Cheollipo arboretum (36 47' 57"N, 126 09' 04"E) was studied forpollen analysis in order to reconstruct postglacial vegetational change and environmental changes around the central western region of the Korean Peninsula. The record shows four pollen assemblage zones: Zone CHL-

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Abstract

The tissue water relation parameters were compared to assess the resistance of representativethree gardening tree species to water stress. Zelkova serrata showed a strong resistant characteristics to water stress compared to Betula platyphylla var. japonica and Liriodendron turipifera. Turgor pressure at turgor loss point in Z. serrata was -2.54 MPa, whereas those of B. platyphylla var. japonica and L. turipifera were -2.24 and -2.03, respectively. In addition, Z. serrata showed less reduction in pressure potential to decrease of free water content in the leaf tissue, indicating effective shrinking of the cell wall compared to others. On the other hand, L. turipiferapoint and cell wall elasticity. These results suggest that Z. serrata would be suitable for relatively dry conditions of location and humid conditions of location would be suitable for L. dendronas plantation.

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Abstract

Species composition, spatial distribution of major species, diameter and height classes dis-tribution, and species diversity were analyzed in the Korean red pine (Pinus densiflora, hereafter referred as pine) forest in the permanent quadrats, which were designed for Long Term Ecological Research (LTER). neung) and boundary areas (Mts. Acha, Bukhan, Bulam, Cheonggye, Daemo, and Surak), and natural areas (Mts. Seolak, Songni, and Wolak) to clarify the ecological characteristics of pine forest on Mt. Nam. Species composition of pine forest on Mt. Nam showed a similarity with those of urban center but did a little and big differences with those on urban boundary and natural areas, respectively. Such differences that pine forest on Mt. Nam showed, were usually due to Styrax japonicus, Sorbus alnifolia, Oplismenus undulatifolius, Ailanthus altisima, Ageratina altisima and so on, which showed higher coverage there. Predicted from diameter and on Mt. Nam showed a possibility to be replaced by a S. japonica. Considered that this replacer species is not only a sub-tree but also shade intolerant, such successional trend could be interpreted as a sort of retrogressive succession. Those on urban boundary and natural areas showed a difference by displaying probabilities to be maintained as themselves as an edaphic climax or succeeded to oak forests. Species diversity of pine forest on Mt. Nam was lower than those in urban boundary and natural areas due to excessive dominance of several species, which led to different species composition from the other areas. Plants, which produced the differences, were species that flourishes in the polluted industrial area (S. japonica and ), favors the disturbed site (O. undulatifolius), and exotic species (A. altissima and Eupatorium rugosum). Those results reflects that pine forest of Mt. Nam was exposed on severe environmental pollution and excessive human interferences.