ISSN : 1229-0718
The side-effect effect refers the tendency that subjects regard morally bad side effects as intentional and morally good side effects as unintentional. We conducted 5 experiments to examine whether Korean adults as well as children showed the side-effect effect. Experiment 1, 2, and 3 used 6 stories, half of which made another person happy as the side effect (i.e., good condition) and half of which made another person sad as the side effect (i.e., bad condition). These are modified versions of stories used in Leslie, Knobe, and Cohen(2006). The results showed that the adults as well as children did not show the side-effect effect. They did not infer the protagonist's intention not only in the good condition but also in the bad condition. The experiment 4 and 5 were therefore conducted to confirm the findings from the previous experiments, using another type of stories originated by Knobe(2003, 2004). The subjects were randomly assigned to 4 conditions, such as the 'environmental harm/intention question' condition, the 'environmental harm/intentionally question' condition, 'environmental good/intention question' condition, and 'environmental good/intentionally question' condition. The side-effect effect was found in 5-year-old children as well as adults in these experiments. Most subjects said that the chairman brought about the side effect intentionally in the harm condition, but not in the help condition. Adults inferred the chairman's intention more frequently when being asked as the 'intentionally' question than the 'intention' question, whereas, the children did not show such difference. The results could be discussed in terms of the relation between theory of mind and deontic reasoning.
이현진 (2009). 한국 아동에서 살펴본 바람, 의도, 정서, 사회적 규칙의 이해. 한국심리학회지:발달, 22(1), 1-18.
Cokely, E. T., & Feltz, A. (2009). Individual differences, judgment biases, and theory of mind: Deconstructing the intentional action side effect asymmetry. Journal of Research in Personality, 43, 18-24.
Conry-Murray, C., & Smetana, J. (2008). Going out of Your Mind: Broadening the Social in Social Reasoning. Human Development, 51, 136-142.
Cushman, F., & Mele, A. (2008). Intentional action: Two-and-a-half folk concepts? In J. Knobe & S. Nichols (Eds.), Experimental Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Harris, P. L., & Núñez, M. (1996). Understanding of permission rules by preschool children, Child Development, 67, 1572-1592.
Knobe, J. (2003). Intentional action and side effects in ordinary language. Analysis, 63(3), 190-194.
Knobe, J. (2004). Intention, intentional action and moral considerations. Analysis, 64(2), 181-187.
Knobe, J. (2008). The concept of intentional action: A case study in uses of folk psychology. In J. Knobe & S. Nichols (Eds.), Experimental Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Knobe, J., & Burra, A. (2006). The Folk Concepts of Intention and Intentional Action: A Cross-Cultural Study. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 6. 113-132.
Lagattuta, K. H. (2005). When You Shouldn't Do What You Want to Do: Young Children's Understanding of Desires, Rules, and Emotions. Child Development, 76, 713-733.
Leslie, A. M., Knobe, J., & Cohen, A. (2006). Acting intentionally and the side-effect effect: Theory of mind and moral judgment. Psychological Science, 17, 421-427.
Machery, E., Mallon, R., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. P. (2008). Semantics, Cross-Cultural Style. In J. Knobe & S. Nichols (Eds.), Experimental Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Malle, B. F. (2006). Intentionality, Morality, and Their Relationship in Human Judgment. Journal of Cognition and Culture, 6, 87-112.
McCann, H. (2005). Intentional Action and Intending: Recent Empirical Studies. Philosophical Psychology, 18, 737-748.
Nichols, S., & Ulatowski, J. (2007). Intuitions and individual difference: The Knobe effect revisited. Mind & Language, 22, 346-365.
Núñez, M., & Harris, P. L. (1998). Psychological and deontic concepts: Separate domains or intimate connection. Mind and Language, 13, 153-170.
Piaget, J. (1932). The moral judgment of the child. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
Weinberg, J. M., Nichols, S., & Stich, S. P. (2008). Normativity and Epistemic Intuitions. In J. Knobe & S. Nichols (Eds.), Experimental Philosophy, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wellman, H. M. (1990). The child's theory of mind. Cambridge, MA: Bradford Books.
Wellman, H. M., Cross, D., & Watson, J. (2001). Meta-analysis of theory of mind development: the truth about false belief. Child Development, 72, 655-684.
Wellman, H. M., & Miller, J. G. (2008). Including Deontic Reasoning as Fundamental to Theory of Mind. Human Development, 51, 105-135.
Zelazo, P. D., Helwig, C. C., & Lau, A. (1996). Intention, Act, and Outcome in Behavioral Prediction and Moral Judgment, Child Development, 67, 2478-2492.