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open access
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ISSN : 1229-0718
The purpose of this study is to explore the fact that facial recognition and the bias of intent attribution played a mediating role in the process that children's experience of maltreatment has influence on depression and aggression. With regard to the objects and methods of this study, maltreatment experiences, the bias of facial recognition, the tendency of the intent attribution in ambiguous situation, depression, and aggression were examined in 737 elementary students from 4 to 6 grades in Seoul. In order to verify the models, goodness of fit and significant paths were verified through structural equation model(SEM). According to the results, although maltreatment experience, itself, had influence on depression and aggression, the bias of facial expression caused by maltreatment influenced intent attribution and the study found that such the bias of intent attribution had influence on depression and aggression. However, the bias of facial recognition, itself, had no influence on depression and aggression and intent attribution, namely, the process that interpreted others' intentions as hostility could cause depression and aggression. This study verified that the children with maltreatment histories showed the biased hostile characteristics in facial recognition, facial interpretation and intent attribution and identified that the bias of facial recognition and intent attribution played a mediating role.
It has been postulated that as people get older, the episodic information in our auto biographical memory should be deteriorated faster than the semantic aspect of it. To examine the thesis, the present study measured the probed retrieval performances of young and old group in their autobiographical memory using a technique called, Autobiographical Interview(AI). It was also examined if the probed retrieval was in any way effected by the emotional valence of the events recalled. The results showed that: (1) There was clear age deficits in episodic memory but not in semantic memory. (2) Retrieval support helped young adults more in recalling episodic memories than older adults and this trend was quite visible in the category of time, perception and thought/emotion. (3) There was no evidence of the advantage in recalling the emotional events in both episodic and semantic aspects of autobiographical memory. (4) The recall for negative events in older adults interacted with rehearsal. It can be safely argued that the nature of tools and techniques administered to study cognitive aging will determine the level of validity of the data collected.
The purposes of this study were to develop the sibling relations questionnaire for college students and to examine the relationships of sibling relations, personality traits and psychopathological symptoms with college students. The questionnaire with 30 items developed in this study involved 2 factors, warmth and conflict and had good psychometric properties. Results suggested that the quality of sibling relations were associated with personality traits, especially extroversion and agreeableness could predict sibling relations of men and women and conscientiousness and neuroticism were able to predict women's and openness to experience to men's sibling relations. Also warmth was only related with paranoia of men, but conflict was associated with 9 psychopathological symptoms of men and women. Intrestingly women with more conflict in sibling relations had significantly more psychopathological symptoms than men with more conflict.
273 Chinese mothers and 295 Korean mothers reported their maternal behavior and their only child's or sibling children's sociability. Compared maternal behavior between Korea and China, Chinese mothers showed more reasonable guidance, more active involvement, and more consistent regulation as well more controlling with power and demanding less achievement toward their child. Mothers showed more affect and more active involvement to the only child than to the sibling children irrespective of nationality. Korean mothers showed more overprotection to only child than to sibling children, but Chinese mothers showed no difference between the two. In sociability rating, Chinese mother reported their children as more egocentric but cooperative than Korean mother did. The relational patterns of children's sociability with maternal behavior appeared somewhat different in Korean data and Chinese data. It was found that main reasons for having only child was national policy in Chinese mothers but was personal in Korean mothers.
The side-effect effect refers the tendency that subjects regard morally bad side effects as intentional and morally good side effects as unintentional. We conducted 5 experiments to examine whether Korean adults as well as children showed the side-effect effect. Experiment 1, 2, and 3 used 6 stories, half of which made another person happy as the side effect (i.e., good condition) and half of which made another person sad as the side effect (i.e., bad condition). These are modified versions of stories used in Leslie, Knobe, and Cohen(2006). The results showed that the adults as well as children did not show the side-effect effect. They did not infer the protagonist's intention not only in the good condition but also in the bad condition. The experiment 4 and 5 were therefore conducted to confirm the findings from the previous experiments, using another type of stories originated by Knobe(2003, 2004). The subjects were randomly assigned to 4 conditions, such as the 'environmental harm/intention question' condition, the 'environmental harm/intentionally question' condition, 'environmental good/intention question' condition, and 'environmental good/intentionally question' condition. The side-effect effect was found in 5-year-old children as well as adults in these experiments. Most subjects said that the chairman brought about the side effect intentionally in the harm condition, but not in the help condition. Adults inferred the chairman's intention more frequently when being asked as the 'intentionally' question than the 'intention' question, whereas, the children did not show such difference. The results could be discussed in terms of the relation between theory of mind and deontic reasoning.
This study longitudinally examined the development of joint attention and its relationships with language development in a group of 46 infants. At 12, 15, and 18 months of age, the infants' initiating joint attention (IJA) and responding to joint attention (RJA) were evaluated with the Early Social Communication Scale, whereas language development was evaluated with the M-BCDI-K. IJA refers to infants' ability to use eye contact, alternation, pointing, eye contact with pointing, and showing to spontaneously share experience. During the 6 month period, the infants displayed no changes in the total frequency of IJA. However, frequencies of lower level IJA such as eye contact tended to decrease whereas frequency of high level IJA such as pointing tended to increase. RJA refers to infants' ability to follow the direction of gaze and gestures of others. RJA was shown to improve with age, especially in the period between 12 months and 15 months of age. Individual differences in IJA displayed significant stability between 15 and 18 months of age while individual differences in RJA displayed significant stability across the entire 6 month period between 12 months and 18 months of age. A significant relationship was also demonstrated between joint attention and language development. Data collected on infants at 12 months of age showed a significant correlation between RJA and receptive language. Significant correlations were also observed between IJA at 15 months of age and receptive language at 15 and 18 months of age and between IJA and receptive language at 18 months of age. In regression analyses, RJA at 12 months of age and IJA at 15 and 18 months of age predicted significantly the receptive language development at 18 months of age, but none of the measures of joint attention were able to predict significantly the expressive language development at 18 months of age.
This study examined personal characteristics that would differentiate resilient adolescents from fragile and vulnerable ones. A total of 104 adolescents from youth-headed families attending junior-high schools in Seoul and Kyounggi province participated in this study. Based on the scores of social competence and subjecvtive well-being of adolescents, adolescents are divided three group: resilient, fragile, and vulnerable. Descriptive statistics, t-test, and discriminant analysis were conducted using the SPSS 12.0. The personal characteristics discriminating resilient adolescents from vulnerable ones were extroversion in personality, high intelligence, motivation, openness and agreeableness in personality. Especially extroversion in personality, intelligence and motivation were found more significant in explaining about resilient adolescents from youth-headed families. In conclusion, these findings support the previous ideas that resilient adolescents have distinctive personal characteristics in multiful domain of social adaptation.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of behavior problems among preschool children according to the sociodemographic factors in Korea. The CBCL 1.5-5 was administered to the 1,819 parents of preschool children (942 boys and 877 girls) aged between 2 to 6, some of them completed ASR for assessing caregiver's depression and C-TRF was also completed by child's teacher. The ANOVA result showed that externalizing, withdrawn, and total behavior problem score are significantly higher for boys than girls, and younger children showed more externalizing and sleep problem than older children. The parents of first-born or only child reported more problems in all problem scales, but there were no significant differences by teacher's report. Children with fathers of lower educational level showed more externalizing problems and children with lower mother's educational level showed higher externalizing, withdrawn, somatic complaints, and pervasive developmental problems. Perceived socio-economical status(SES) was negatively correlated with most problem scales, and children who don't live with their fathers showed more externalizing problems. Children of working mothers showed lower internalizing and pervasive developmental problems, however after controlling the mother's depression level, there were no significant differences. Stepwise multiple regression showed that birth order, mother's employment status, SES, mother's educational level, and age are significant sociodemographic factors affecting to the behavior problems of preschool children. Research implications and limitations are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the characteristics of behavior problems among preschool children according to the sociodemographic factors in Korea. The CBCL 1.5-5 was administered to the 1,819 parents of preschool children (942 boys and 877 girls) aged between 2 to 6, some of them completed ASR for assessing caregiver's depression and C-TRF was also completed by child's teacher. The ANOVA result showed that externalizing, withdrawn, and total behavior problem score are significantly higher for boys than girls, and younger children showed more externalizing and sleep problem than older children. The parents of first-born or only child reported more problems in all problem scales, but there were no significant differences by teacher's report. Children with fathers of lower educational level showed more externalizing problems and children with lower mother's educational level showed higher externalizing, withdrawn, somatic complaints, and pervasive developmental problems. Perceived socio-economical status(SES) was negatively correlated with most problem scales, and children who don't live with their fathers showed more externalizing problems. Children of working mothers showed lower internalizing and pervasive developmental problems, however after controlling the mother's depression level, there were no significant differences. Stepwise multiple regression showed that birth order, mother's employment status, SES, mother's educational level, and age are significant sociodemographic factors affecting to the behavior problems of preschool children. Research implications and limitations are discussed.
The purpose of this study was to test the validity of Blatt, Schaffer, Bers and Quinlan (1992)’s Depression Experiences Questionnaire for adolescents(DEQ-A) for Korean adolescents. The DEQ-A administered to 452 students in 5th and 6th grade and 474 students in 7th and 8th grade in schools. The exploratory factor analysis results favored the Dependency, Efficacy and Self-Criticism factors structure of the DEQ-A. Through the confirmatory factor analysis have verified the validity of the DEQ-A. The reliability of the 3 factors has been proved and we have analyzed the correlation of the 3 factors and CDI, CES-D-K. As a result, Dependency and Self-Criticism was positively correlated with measures of CDI, CES-D-K, but Efficacy was negatively correlated with CDI, CES-D-K. Finally, It is discussed about the potential usefulness and limitations of the DEQ-A if it were to be used on national adolescents.
The present study was designed to describe the two dissociable systems(formal and informal systems) of proportional reasoning and their development. For these ends, 4, 6, 8 and 10-year-olds were asked to judge the equivalence of proportions involving continuous or discrete quantities. In discrete condition where formal system may have been activated, only 10-year-olds succeeded; children aged 4, 6 and 8 performed chance level. Most importantly, 4- and 6-year-olds’ tendency to be misled by the absolute number was significantly related to their counting proficiency and 10 year olds’ successful performance was significantly related to their fluency in fraction use, indicating that their performance in discrete condition was influenced by their acquisition of mathematical convention.; In stark contrast, even 4-year-olds succeeded at matching proportions and children's performance gradually increases with age in continuous condition where informal system may have been activated.; children’s errors did not predominantly consist of erroneously choosing the absolute amount match.