ISSN : 1229-0718
Seventy-two retired men less than three years from their retirement participated this study. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relations of retirer's self-esteem, optimism, conditions of workforce exit and socio-demographic variables with their retirement satisfaction and subjective well-being. The results of multiple regression analysis show differential effects of predicted variables. Self-esteem, perceived economic status, and age in retirement were associated with retirement satisfaction, but optimism, perceived economic status, perceived health condition, education level, and voluntary choice of retirement were associated with subjective well-being. A noticeable finding was that self-esteem predicted retirement satisfaction but optimism predicted subjective well-being. The limitation and its implication of this study were discussed.
김정수 (2008). 위험사건의 통제가능성 지각에서 낙관성이 심리적 안녕감에 미치는 영향: 스트레스 대처와 이점발견의 매개역할. 한양대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
김정희 (1987). 지각된 스트레스 요인 및 대처양식의 우울에 대한 적용. 서울대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
박경자 (1997). 낙관주의, 통제신념, 자기효능이 시험 스트레스에 대한 대처와 시험 수행에 미치는 영향. 생활연구(11), 31-54. 효성여자대학교 학생생활지도연구소.
박군석 (2009). 은퇴 노인의 주관안녕과 신체건강에 영향을 미치는 요인들: 은퇴전 직종에 따른 종단적 연구. 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 15(2), 291-318.
박성진 (2008). 낙관성과 자기존중감에 따른 생활 사건의 지각. 영남대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
배문조, 전귀연 (2006). 개인변인, 심리변인, 직업관련변인이 은퇴기대에 미치는 영향. 대한가정학회지, 44(12), 53-64.
백은영 (2009). 은퇴자의 은퇴만족도에 영향을 미치는 요인 분석. 한국노인복지학회지, 44, 345-372.
송소원 (1999). 대학생의 자기존중감과 스트레스 지각수준, 스트레스 대처양식의 관계 연구. 학생생활연구(12). 상명대학교 학생생활연구소.
신현숙 (2005). 청소년의 낙관성 및 비관성과 심리적 적응의 관계에서 대처의 매개효과. 한국청소년학회지, 12(3), 165-192.
신현숙, 류정희, 이명자 (2005). 청소년의 낙관성과 비관성: 1-요인 모형과 2-요인 모형의 검증. 한국심리학회지, 2(1), 79-97.
윤현숙 (2003). 노부모와 자녀간의 지원교환이 노인의 심리적 안녕에 미치는 영향. 한국노년학회지, 23(3), 15-28.
윤현숙, 이미진. (2007). 은퇴가 노인의 심리적 안녕에 미치는 영향. 한국노년학회지, 27(9), 393-408.
원호택 (1985). 스트레스: 그 원인과 대책. 서울:중앙적성출판사.
장휘숙 (2006). 성인심리학: 성인발달, 노화, 죽음. 박영사.
지연경, 조병은 (1991). 내외통제성 및 은퇴로 인한 스트레스 지각과 생활만족도. 대한가정학회지, 29(2), 217-240.
한희자, 강은실, 백설향 (2002). 은퇴자의 은퇴 후 삶의 상태변화 예측요인. 노인간호학회지, 4(2), 195-206.
홍영상 (1998). 중년여성의 건강추구행위 모형 구축. 중앙대학교 대학원 박사학위논문.
Aspinwall, L. G., & Taylor, S. E. (1992). Modeling cognitive adaptation: A longitudinal investigation of the impact of individual differences and coping on college adjustment and performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(6), 989-1003.
Atchley, R. C. (1976). The Sociology of Retirement. New York: Willey.
Barfield. R., & Morgen, J. (1976). Early retirement: the decision and the experience. Ann Arbor: Braun-Brumifield Inc.
Bill, L., & Chester, R. R. (1999). Adjusting to retirement: Considerations for counselors. Adultspan: Theory Research and Practice, 1(1), 2-12.
Billingsley, K. D., Waehler, C. A., & Hardin, S. I. (1993). Stability of optimism and choice of coping strategy. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 76, 91-97.
Blascovich, J., & Tomaka, J. (1991). Measures of self-esteem. In Robinson, J. P., Shaver, P. R. & Wrighsman(Eds). Measure of Personality and Social Psychological Attitudes (pp. 115-155). CA: Academic Press.
Botti, S., & Iyengar, S. S. (2004). The psychological pleasure and pain of choosing: When people prefer choosing at the cost of subsequent outcome satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 87(3), 312-326.
Brissette, I., Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (2002). The role of optimism in social network development, coping, and psychological adjustment during a life transition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 102-111.
Brown, J. D. (1993). Self-esteem and self-evaluation: Feeling is believing. In J. Suls(Ed.), Psychological perspectives on the self(pp. 27-58). NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
Burtless, G., & Robert, M. (1984). The Effects of Social Security on the Labor Supply of the Aged. New York: Washington Brookings.
Calvo, E., Haverstick, K., & Sass, S. A. (2007). What makes retirees happier: A gradual or ‘cold turkey’ retirement? Center for Retirement Research at Boston College (Working Paper 18, pp. 1-45).
Campblle, C., & Campblle, R. (1979). Conflicting views on the effect of old-age and survivors insurance on retirement. Economic Inquiry, 14, 369-387.
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1999). Optimism. In C. R. Snyder(Ed.), Coping: The psychology of what works(pp. 182-204). NY: Oxford University Press.
Carver, C. S., Scheier, M. F., & Weintraub, J. K. (1989). Assessing coping strategies: A theoretically based approach. Journal of Personality and Psychology, 56(2), 267-283.
Chang, E. C. (2002). Introduction: Optimism and pessimism and moving beyound the most fundamental question. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism and pessimism: Implications for theory, and pratice(pp. 3-12). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Cumming, E., & Henry, W. E. (1961). Growing old: The process of disengagement. New York: Basic Books.
De Vaus, D., Wells, Y., Kendig, H., & Quine, S. (2007). Does gradual retirement have better outcomes than abrupt retirement panel study. Aging and society, 27(5), 667-682.
De Vries, M. F. (1979). Is there life after retirement? California Management Review, 22, 69-76.
Ebersole, P. & Hess, P. (1998). Toward healthy aging: Human needs and nursing response (5th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
Feldman, D. C. (1994). The decision to retire early: A review and conceptualization. Academy of Management Review, 19, 285-311.
Fontaine, K. R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Wagner, H. (1993). Optimism, perceives control over stress, and coping. European Journal of Personality, 7(4), 267-281.
Fouquereau, E., Fernandes, A., Fonseca, A. M., Paul, M. C., & Uotinen, V. (2005). Perceptions of and satisfaction with retirement: A comparison of six European Union contries. Psychology and Aging, 20(3), 524-528.
Gallo, W. T., Bradley, E. H., Siegel, M., & Kasl, S. V. (2000). Health effects of involuntary job loss among older workers: Findings from the Health and Retirement Survey. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 55(3), 131-140.
Glamser, R., & De Jong, G. (1975). The efficacy or pre-retirement preparation programs for industrial workers. Journal of Gerontology, 30(5), 595-600.
Glass, J. C., & Flynn, D. K. (2000). Retirement needs and preparation of rural middle-aged persons. Educational Gerontology, 26(2), 109-134.
Goldberg, E. (2002). A hearty retirement. Organization of Perioperative Registered Nurses Journal, 73(5), 873-74.
Gunderson, M., & Riddell, W. (1993). Labour Market Economics. Toronto: McGraw-Hill Ryerson
Hanna, V. S. & Kene H. (2008). Adjustment to and Satisfaction With Retirement: Two of a Kind? Psychology and Aging, 23(2), 422-434.
Isaksson, K., & Johansson, G. (2000). Adaptation to continued work and early retirement following downsizing: Long-term effects and gender differences. Journal of Occupational and Organization Psychology, 73(2), 241-256.
Kaplan, H. B. (1983). Psychological stress: Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press.
Kim, J. E., & Moen, P. (2002). Retirement transition, gender and psychological well-being: A life course, ecological model. Journal of Gerontology, 57(3), 212-222.
Kim, S., & Feldman, D. C. (2000). Working in retirement: the antecedents of bridge employment and its consequence for quality of life in retirement. Academy of Management Journal, 43(6), 195-210.
Latulippe, D., & Turner, J. (2000). Partial retirement and pension policy in industrialized countries. International Labour Review, 139, 179-195.
Lawton, M. (1987). Lawton's PGC moral scale. Polisher Research Institute Philadelphia Geriatric Center.
Marshall, V. W., Clarke, P. J., & Ballantyne, P. J. (2001). Instability in the retirement transition. Research on Aging, 23(4), 379-409.
Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper & Row.
Moon, A. (1996). Predictors of morale among Korean immigrant elderly in the USA. Journal of cross Cultural Gerontology, 11(4), 351-367.
Morse, D. W., & Gray, S. H. (1983). Life After Early Retirement. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Myers, J. E. (1992). Career and retirement counseling for older workers. In D. H. Montross & C. J. Shinkman(Eds), Career development: Theory and practice(pp. 279-293). Springfield, Ⅱ: Thomas.
Parnes, H., Adams, A., Andrisani. P., Kohen, A., & Nestel, G. (1974). The pre-retirement Years: Five Years in the Work Lives of Middle Aged Men. Center For Human Resource Research: The Ohio State University.
Quine, S., Wells, Y., de Vaus, D., & Kendig, H. (2007). When choice in retirement decision is missing: Qualitative and quantitative findings of impact on well-being. Australasian Journal on Ageing., 26(4), 173-179.
Reitzes, D. C., & Mutran, E. J. (2004). The transition to retirement: Stages and factors that influence retirement adjustment. International Journal of Aging and Development. 59(1), 63-84.
Rosenberg, M. (1985). Self-concept and psychological well-being in adolescence. In R. L. Leady(Ed). The development of the self (pp. 205-246). FL: Academic Press.
Rosenberg, R. L.(1979). Conceiving the self. New York: Basic Books.
Rosenman, L., & Warburton, J. (1995). The changing context of retirement in Australia. Social Security Journal. December, 54-66.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1985). Optimism, coping and health: Assessment and implication of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4(3), 219-247.
Scheier, M. F., & Carver, C. S. (1992). Effects of optimism on psychological and physical well-being: Theoretical overview and empirical update. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 16, 201-228.
Scheier, M. F., Carver, C. S., & Bridges, M. W. (2002). Optimism. pessimism, and psychological well-being. In E. C. Chang (Ed.), Optimism & pessimism: Implication for theory, research, and practice(pp. 189-217). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Shacklock, K. (2007). Managing older worker exit and re-entry practices: A 'revolving door'? Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources, 45(2), 151-167.
Shaw, W. S., Patterson, T. L., Semple, S. & Grant, I. (1998). Health and wellbeing in retirement: a summary of theories and their implication. In Herson, M. and Van Hasselt, V. B.(Eds.), Handbook of Clinical Geropsychology (pp. 383-409). NY:Plenum.
Speake, D. L., Cowart, M. E., & Pellet, K. (1989). Health perception and life styles of the elderly. Reserch in Nursing and Health, 12(2), 93-100.
Szinovacz, M. E., & Davey, A. (2005). Preditors of perceptions of involuntary retirement. The Gerontologist, 45(1), 36-47.
Taylor, M. A., & Shore, L. M. (1995). Preditors of planned retirement age: An application of Beehr's model. Psychology and Aging, 10(1), 76-83.
Tinsley, D. J., & Schwendener-Holt, M. J. (1992). Retirement and leisure. In S. D. Brown & R. W. Lent(Eds), Handbook of counseling psychology(pp. 627-664). New York: Wiley.
Ware, J. E. (1986). The assessment of health status: Applications of social science to clinical medicine and health policy. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
Warren, D. (2006). Aspects of Retirement for Older Women. Australian Goverment, Office for Women, Canberra.
Weigel, C., Wertieb., D., & Feldstein, M. (1988). Perception of Control, competence, and contingency as influences on the stress -behavior symptom relation in school-age children. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56(3), 456-464.
Wells, Y., de Vaus D., Kending, H., Quine, S., & Petralia, W (2006). Healthy Retirement Project: Technical Report [Electronic version].
Wenger, G. C., Davies, R., & Shahtahmasebi, S. (1995). Morale in old age: Refining the model. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry, 10(11), 933-943.
Whisman, M. A., & Kwon, P. (1993). Life stress and dysphoria: The role of self-esteem and hopelessness. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 6(5), 1054-1060.
Wong, J. Y., & Earl, J. K. (2009). Towards an interacted model of individual, psychosocial, and organizational predictors of retirement adjustment. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 75(1), 1-13.