ISSN : 1229-0718
Research on adults subjects has provided evidence for the validity of Schwartz's theory(1992) on the structure of values. However, information about the application of this theory to children and adolescents is very scarce. We employed Portrait Value Questionnaire(PVQ) to test the applicability of Schwartz's value theory to children and adolescent using two samples of elementary school students(N=325) and high school students(N=443). Schwartz's Value Survey(SVS) was employed in order to test Schwartz's value theory in college students(N=295). The results broadly confirmed validity of Schwartz's value theory. Specifically, construction of human values was found to consist of four higher order value types: self-transcendence value, self-enhancement value, openness to change value, and conservation value. The number of value types differentiated by subjects increased with age. The number of value types was 7 for elementary school students, 8 for high school students, and 9 for college students. There were no differences in importance of value types on the basis of gender, except in the case of a few value types. The meaning of the trend in the number of value types with age; the value importance of children, adolescents, adult; the necessity of a valid measurement tool for value; and the necessity of value intervention are discussed.
김승종 (2006). 가치관 정립을 위한 상담자의 역할, 상담과 지도, 41, 373-387.
김의철, 박영신, 권용은 (2005). 한국 세대별 어머니 집단의 가족관련 가치의식 비교 자녀가치와 양육태도 및 부모 부양을 중심으로, 한국심리학회지: 사회문제, 11(1), 109-142.
김연신, 최한나 (2009). Schwartz의 보편적 가치이론의 적용 타당성 연구: 한국대학생을 대상으로. 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 23(1),1-16.
김행자 (1993). 부 부재와 청소년기의 가치관 발달과의 관계, 건국대학교 학술지, 221-237.
나은영, 차재호 (1999). 1970년대와 1990년대 간한국인의 가치관 변화와 세대차 증감, 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 13(2), 37-60.
나은영, 차유리 (2010). 한국인의 가치관 변화 추이: 1979년, 1998년, 및 2010년의 조사 결과비교, 한국심리학회지: 사회 및 성격, 24(4),63-93.
박성숙 (2010). 독일인의 교육 이야기. 21세기 북스
박진규, Castroverde, S. P. (2006). 필리핀 청소년의 가치관 발달에 미치는 가족의 영향 연구, 청소년학 연구, 13(6), 362-385.
서영석, 이정림, 차주환 (2006). 성역할 태도, 종교성향, 권위주의 및 문화적 가치가 대학생의 동성애혐오에 미치는 영향, 한국심리학회지: 상담 및 심리치료, 18(1), 177-199.
신현희 (2011). 자기초월가치와 환경보존행동 및친환경행동의도와의 관계. 부산대학교 대학원 석사학위 청구논문.
유진규 (2007). 알파 걸-그들이 빛나는 이유. SBS스페셜
이종한 (1992). 공동체의식에 관한 개인주의-집단주의 관점에서의 비교문화적 분석, 한국심리학회지:사회 및 성격, 6(2), 76-93.
최경희 (2004). 문학 경험이 아동의 가치 형성에미치는 영향, 문학교육학, 14, 79-119.
한덕웅, 이경성 (2003). 한국인의 인생관으로 본가치관 변화: 30년간 비교, 한국심리학회지:사회 및 성격, 17(1), 49-67.
한상필 (2003). 광고를 통해 본 한국문화의 변화:1969년대부터 2000년까지의 광고 내용분석,광고 연구, 58, 135-162.
Bilsky, W., Niemann, F., Schmitz, J., & Rose, I. (2005). Value structure at an early age: Cross-cultural replications. In W. & D. Elizur(Eds.), Facet theory: Design, analysis, and applications. Proceedings of the 10th International Facet Theory Conference in Rome, 10-13 July 2005(pp. 241-248). Prague, Czech Republic: Agentura Action M.
Borg, I., & Lingoes, J. (1987). Multidimensional similarity structure analysis. New York Springer.
Borg, I., & Shye, S. (1995). Facet theory: Form and content. Newbury Park, CA: Sage
Brown, P. E., & Cameron, L.D. (2000). What can be done to reduce overconsumption? Ecological Economics, 32, 27-41.
Bubeck, M., & Bilsky, W. (2004). Value structure at an early age. Swiss Journal of Psychology, 63, 31-41.
De Groot, J. I. M., & Steg, L. (2008). Value orientations to explain beliefs related to environmental significant behavior: How to measure egoistic, altruistic, and biospheric value orientations. Environment and Behavior, 40, 330-354.
Döring, A. K. (2008). Assessment of children's values: The development of a picture-based instrument (Dissertation thesis, University of Műnster, Műnster, Germany).
Döring, A. K. (2010). Assessment children's value: An exploratory study. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 28, 564-577.
Döring, A. K. , Blauensteiner, A., Aryus, K. Drὅgekamp, & Bilsky, W. (2010). Assessing values at an early age: The Picture-Based Value Survey for Children(PBVS-C). Journal of Personality Assessment, 92, 439-448.
Fisher, K. W. (1980). A theory of cognitive development :The control and construction of hierarchies of skills. Psychological Review, 87, 477-531.
Fisher, K. W., & Lamborn, S. D. (1989). Mechanism of variation in developmental levels: Cognitive and emotion transitions during adolescence. In A. K. Ribaupierre(Ed.), Transition mechanisms in child development: The longitudinal perspective(pp. 33-67). Cambridge: University Press.
Grusec, J. E., & Kuczynski, L. (Eds). (1997). Parenting and children's internalization of values. New York: Wiley.
Hofstede, G. (1984). Culture's consequences: International differences in work-related values. Beverley Hills, CA: Sage.
Kanfo, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2003a). Parenting and adolescents' accuracy in perceiving parental values. Child Development, 74, 595-611.
Kanfo, A., & Schwartz, S. H. (2003b). Identity formation and parent-child value congruence in adolescence. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 22, 439-458.
Kluckhohn, C. (1951). Values and value orientation in the theory of action: An exploration in definition and classification. In T. Parsons & E. Shils(Eds.), Toward a general theory of action(pp.388-433). Cambridge:Harvard University Press.
Levy, S. (1990). Values and deeds. Applied Psychology, 39, 379-400.
Lingoes, J. C. (1977). Geometric representations of relational data. Ann Arbor, MI: Mathesis.
Lingoes, J. C. (1981). Testing regional hypotheses in multidimensional scaling. In I. Borg (Ed.), Multidimensional data representations: When and why (pp. 280-310). Ann Arbor, MI: Mathesis.
Mayer, F. S., & Frantz, C. M. (2004). The connectedness to nature scale: A measure of individuals’ feeling in community with nature. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 24, 503–515.
Narvᾴez, D. (2006). Integrative ethical education. IN M. Killen & J. G. Smetana(Eds.), Handbook of moral development (pp. 703-732). Mahwah, NJ: Erabaum.
Olson, J. M., Roese, N. J., & Zanna, M. P.(1996). Expectancies. In E. T. Higgins &A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Socialpsychology: Handbook of basic principles(pp. 211-238). New York: Guilford.
Pohjanheimo, E. (1997). Arvojen muutos, tyὄ ja sosiaalinen tausta. Tutkimus tyὅikἅisistἅ pyhtἅἅlἅisistἅ 1982-1993. [Value change, work, and social background. A study of working-age people at Pyhtἅἅ 1982-1993]. Research Reports, 1, 1997, Department of Social Psychology, University of Helsȋnki.
Puohiniemi, M. (2002). Arvot, asenteet ja ajankuva [Values, attitudes, and zeitgeist]. Vantta: Limor.
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. New York: Free Press.
Schultz, P. W., Couveia, V. V., Thankha, G., Schmuck, R., & Franӗk, M. (2005). Values and their relationship to environmental concern and conservation Behavior. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36, 457-475.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992). Universals in the content and structures of values: Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology(Vol. 25, pp. 1-65). New York: Academic Press.
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there Universals aspects in the structure and content of human values? Journal of Social Issues, 50, 19-45.
Schwartz, S. H. (2002). Human Values, http://essedunet.nsd.uib.no/cms/topics/1
Schwartz, S. H. (2005a). Basic human values: their content and structure across countries. In A Tamayo, & J. B. Porto(Eds.), Valores e comportamento nas organizacȏes [Values and behavior in organizations] (pp. 21-55). Petrópolis, Brazil: Vozes.
Schwartz, S. H. (2005b). Robustness and fruitfulness of a theory of universals in individual human values. In A Tamayo, & J. B. Porto (Eds.). Valores e comportamento nas organizacȏes [Values and behavior in organizations] (pp. 56-95). Petrópolis, Brazil: Vozes.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1987). Toward a psychological structure of human values. Journal of personality and Social Psychology, 53, 550-562.
Schwartz, S. H., & Bilsky, W. (1990). Toward a theory of the universal content and structure of values: Extensions and cross-cultural replications. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 878-891.
Schwartz, S. H., & Boehnke, K. (2004). Evaluating the structure of human values with confirmatory factor analysis, Journal of Research in Personality, 38, 230-255
Schwartz, S. H., Melech, G., Lehmann, A., Burgess, S., Harris, M., & Owens, V. (2001). Extending the cross-cultural validity of the theory of basic human values with a different method of measurement. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32, 519-542.
Schwartz, S. H., Rubel, T. (2005). Sex differences in value priorities: Cross-cultural and multimethod studies. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 89, 1010-1028.
Schwartz, S., & Sagiv, L. (1995). Identifying culture-specifics in the content and structure of values. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 99-116.
Shye, S. (1985). Smallest Space Analysis. In T. Husėn & T. N. Postlethewait(Eds.), The International Encyclopedia of Education(pp. 4602-4608). Oxford: Pergamon.
Stern, P. C. (2000). Toward a coherent theory of environmentally significant behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 56, 407-424.
Stern, P. C., & Dietz, T. (1994). The value basis of environmental concern. Journal of Social Issues, 50, 65-84.