ISSN : 1229-0718
The purpose of this study is to compare temperament and character in children with internalizing, externalizing disorders and comorbidity, to identifiy variables that distinguish internalizing, externalizing disorder and comorbidity. The sample comprise of 49 elementary school students who are under psychological treatment in Songpa AiZone, Seoul for Day Treatment Center Childen & Adolescents. The measurements are K-CBCL and JTCI. The results are as followed: First, the externalizing disorders and comorbidity group scored significantly higher than the internalizing disorders group in novelty seeking. Second, the internalizing disorders group scored significantly higher than the externalizing disorders and comorbidity group in harm avoidance. Third, the externalizing disorders group scored significantly lower than the internalizing disorders group in cooperativeness. Fourth, the variables that distinguish internalizing disorder from externalizing disorder are novelty seeking, harm avoidance and cooperativeness. Finally, the variables that distinguish comorbidity from internalizing disorder is cooperativeness. we discuss the importance of comorbidity group and a proposal of therapeutic intervention.
This study was undertaken to analyze the level of phonological awareness and the acquisition process of grapheme-phoneme correspondence relations in Hangul phonics as used by Vietnamese adults who speak Korean as a second language. Phonological awareness tasks and grapheme substitution/addition tasks were administered to 20 Vietnamese women who had been married to Korean men in Ulsan for 1 to 6 years. Analyses revealed that these Vietnamese-Korean bilinguals showed a 75% correct rate of syllable awareness regardless of the place of the syllable and a 68% correct rate of phoneme awareness, regardless of the placement of phoneme. However, phonemic awareness for syllables in different places was varied, depending on the length of residence in Korea: The performance with regard to the first phoneme awareness was lower than that for the middle or final phoneme awareness in the subjects who had lived less than 5 years in Korea. Finally, the performance rate for the grapheme substitution/addition task was 77% to 82%; the performance for the final grapheme was likewise higher than that of the first or middle grapheme. The results were discussed in terms of the Hangul phonics and the acquisition process of Hangul grapheme-phoneme correspondence relations.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of perceived parenting behavior on overt and covert narcissistic tendency after controlling of the effect of temperament in college students. The subjects were 934 male and female college students. The results of multiregressional analysis are as follows. On overt narcissistic tendency, high excessive expectation, high affection, high abuse and low inconstency predicted high overt narcissistic tendency and explained 6.09% totally. Temperament explained overt narcissistic tendency 16.11%. High excessive expectation, high inconsistency and low monitoring, low reasonable explanation and low abuse predicted high covert narcissistic tendency and explained 4.31% totally. Temperament explained covert narcissistic tendency 39.29%. The influence of subfactor among parenting behavior is differed on overt and covert narcissistic tendency. There was discussion of the influence of parenting behavior on overt and covert narcissistic tendency and the limitation of this study.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of perceived parenting behavior on overt and covert narcissistic tendency after controlling of the effect of temperament in college students. The subjects were 934 male and female college students. The results of multiregressional analysis are as follows. On overt narcissistic tendency, high excessive expectation, high affection, high abuse and low inconstency predicted high overt narcissistic tendency and explained 6.09% totally. Temperament explained overt narcissistic tendency 16.11%. High excessive expectation, high inconsistency and low monitoring, low reasonable explanation and low abuse predicted high covert narcissistic tendency and explained 4.31% totally. Temperament explained covert narcissistic tendency 39.29%. The influence of subfactor among parenting behavior is differed on overt and covert narcissistic tendency. There was discussion of the influence of parenting behavior on overt and covert narcissistic tendency and the limitation of this study.
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adolescents' father attachment, mother attachment, and social competence on the runaway impulse. The participants were 475 students in middle and high school. The questionnaire included measures of father attachment, mother attachment, social competence, and the runaway impulse. The major findings were as follows: 1) For male and female adolescents alike, both the father attachment and mother attachment affected the runaway impulse. For male adolescents, alienation from both father and mother affected the runaway impulse; for female adolescents, alienation from the father and mother, along with confidence in and communication with the mother, affected the runaway impulse. 2) Male adolescents' social competence affected the runaway impulse, and interpersonal adjustment, one aspect of social competence, affected the runway impulse. 3) For male adolescents, the father attachment had a greater effect on the runaway impulse than did any other variables, whereas for female adolescents, the mother attachment had the greater effect.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the positive role of gratitude in elderly Koreans. Study 1 examined the relationships between gratitude and matured aging in 125 Koreans. The result showed that a disposition of gratitude was positively correlated with matured aging and happiness. Also, elderly people who reported high levels on a gratitude score were happier and had better relationships with their husbandss and children than did those who reported low scores for their gratitude disposition. Study 2 was conducted to explore the positive influence of experimentally induced gratitude. Fifty two elderly people were randomly assigned to one of three groups including two gratitude conditions and a control condition. The result showed that the elderly in the benefit-triggered gratitude group reported more positive affect and higher life satisfaction than did those in the control group. Otherwise, experimentally induced gratitude intervention had no influence on depression, death anxiety, and the negative affect of the elderly. We discussed the limited positive effect of induced gratitude on positive affect and life satisfaction.
The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the differences in children's knowledge of and reasoning about the free-fall phenomenon according to their ages and tasks, and (2) to investigate whether the children's prior knowledge changes to post knowledge through reasoning. Forty from each of three age groups-4-, 6-, and 8-year-olds, for a (total of 120 subjects)were selected for the study. The subjects were chosen from three preschools and two elementary schools located in the middle class residential areas of Seoul and of Kyoung-Ki Province. Each child was to perform tasks dealing with weight and size. Under observation were each child's prior knowledge, reasoning and post knowledge of the free-fall phenomenon. The major findings are as follows: first, there were no differences in the children's prior knowledge of the free-fall phenomenon according to the different age groups. However the prior knowledge level of the size task was higher than for the weight task. There was an interaction effect between ages and tasks. Second, 6-and 8-year old children showed higher levels of reasoning than did 4-year old children. However, there were no differences in the children's reasoning between the different tasks. Third, 6-and 8-year old children showed higher levels of the post knowledge than 4-year old children. However, there was no difference in children's post knowledge according to different tasks. Fourth, there was a significant difference between the prior and the post knowledge. Through measuring the reasonings in the two task experiments, changes in the prior knowledge of the free-fall phenomenon were observed among all three age groups. The difference between prior and post knowledge was higher in the weight than in the size task.
The purposes of this study were (1) to investigate the differences in children's knowledge of and reasoning about the free-fall phenomenon according to their ages and tasks, and (2) to investigate whether the children's prior knowledge changes to post knowledge through reasoning. Forty from each of three age groups-4-, 6-, and 8-year-olds, for a (total of 120 subjects)were selected for the study. The subjects were chosen from three preschools and two elementary schools located in the middle class residential areas of Seoul and of Kyoung-Ki Province. Each child was to perform tasks dealing with weight and size. Under observation were each child's prior knowledge, reasoning and post knowledge of the free-fall phenomenon. The major findings are as follows: first, there were no differences in the children's prior knowledge of the free-fall phenomenon according to the different age groups. However the prior knowledge level of the size task was higher than for the weight task. There was an interaction effect between ages and tasks. Second, 6-and 8-year old children showed higher levels of reasoning than did 4-year old children. However, there were no differences in the children's reasoning between the different tasks. Third, 6-and 8-year old children showed higher levels of the post knowledge than 4-year old children. However, there was no difference in children's post knowledge according to different tasks. Fourth, there was a significant difference between the prior and the post knowledge. Through measuring the reasonings in the two task experiments, changes in the prior knowledge of the free-fall phenomenon were observed among all three age groups. The difference between prior and post knowledge was higher in the weight than in the size task.
Timing of exposure to an L2 is critical for maximizing language acquisition. Research from behavioral and brain studies has given rise to 4 main hypotheses regarding the L2 critical period. The hypotheses are as follows: (1) The critical period of L2 is equal to that of L1; (2) The first year of experience is decisive for acquiring L2 sounds; (3) Plasticity is progressively lost as one gets older, and; (4) Language sub-processes are differentially sensitive to biological time. The current paper reviews studies on these four lines of research within the framework of Greenough's and O'Connor's developmental models. Based on the present review, we suggest that earlier exposure to L2 is desirable for the second language acquisition. However, the length and the onset of the language ability was debatable according to the four topics of the research area. Elaboration of task-specific timetables in L2 acquisition was suggested to draw fuller educational implications.