ISSN : 1229-0718
The present study identified the personal and familial variables related to relational victimization of girls and functioning mechanisms of these variables. For this, maternal rejective parenting was set as a familial variable, and trait anger and gender role traits were set as personal variables. Moreover, the mediating roles of trait anger, agency, unmitigated agency, communion, and unmitigated communion in the relationship between maternal rejective parenting and girls’ relational victimization were examined through structural equation modeling. A total of 815 elementary school girls in 5th and 6th grades sampled from fourteen elementary schools participated in this study. The results indicated that although maternal rejective parenting had significant direct effects on all the mediating variables included in the model, unmitigated communion was the only mediator showing a significant mediating effect. That is, maternal rejective parenting made girls vulnerable to relational victimization by developing unmitigated communion. Based on these findings, effective prevention/intervention strategies for reducing girls’ victimization of relational aggression were discussed.
권연희 (2013). 유아의 사회적 위축에 대한 어머니의 거부적 양육행동과 정서표현성 및유아의 정서조절전략의 영향. 한국보육지원학회지, 9(2), 215-238.
김귀랑 (2005) 아동의 분노표현과 또래폭력 경험. 숙명여자대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
김귀연, 김경연 (2005). 아동의 위축 및 공격성에 대한 관련변인들의 관계: 거부적 양육행동, 또래괴롭힘, 부정적 부모표상 및부정적또래표상의 인과효과. 아동학회지, 26(6), 247-266.
김문정 (2003). 아동이 지각한 부모양육행동과아동의 행동문제간의 관계. 연세대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
김백영 (1997). 분노통제 프로그램이 부적응아동의 분노와 공격성 감소에 미치는 효과. 한국교원대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
김성희 (2009). 성역할특성으로서의 주도성, 친화성, 경직된 주도성, 경직된 친화성과심리적 적응. 서울대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
김수영 (2016). 구조방정식 모형의 기본과 확장. 서울: 학지사.
김주환, 김민규, 홍세희 (2009). 구조방정식모형으로 논문쓰기. 서울: 커뮤니케이션북스.
노경선, 심희옥 (2004). 학령기 아동이 지각한부모의 양육행동 및 또래 괴롭힘 경험. 아동학회지, 25(6), 241-257.
도현심 (2000). 초기 청소년의 또래에 의한 괴롭힘: 부모에 대한 애착. 또래 거부 및 우정관계와의 관계. 아동학회지, 21(1), 307-322.
박영애 (1995). 부모의 양육행동 및 형제관계와아동의 자존감과의 관계. 고려대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
박지영 (2010). 남녀 중학생의 스트레스, 분노, 대처행동과 또래괴롭힘의 관계. 이화여자대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
박혜정, 홍상황 (2014). 아동의 거부민감성과또래괴롭힘 피해의 관계에서 자아존중감, 사회적 위축 및 억제의 매개효과. 한국초등교육, 25(3), 1-18.
서미정, 김경연 (2004). 아동의 개인적․환경적특성과 또래괴롭힘. 아동학회지, 25(2), 93-108.
오혜진 (2011). 사회경제적 지위 및 부모의 양육태도가 청소년기 여학생의 성취동기 및 자기효능감에 미치는 영향. 이화여자대학교석사학위 청구논문.
유리향 (2012). 어머니 양육행동과 초등학생의괴롭힘간 관계: 정서조절력과 공감의 중다매개효과. 전남대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
윤혜경 (2006). 초등학생의 신체증상 경험과 부정적 정서, 대처행동 및 어머니의 양육행동의 관계. 이화여자대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
이경님 (2009). 아동의 정서조절능력과 부모변인 및 또래에 의한 괴롭힘이 행동문제에미치는 영향. Family and Environment Research, 47(7), 1-12.
이지원 (1999). 부모의 양육태도가 또래로부터의공격피해에 미치는 영향. 연세대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
이하연 (2014). 부모의 심리적 통제와 인지적정서조절전략이 중학생의 관계적 공격성에미치는 영향. 연세대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
전겸구 (1996). 한국판 STAXI 척도 개발 연구(Ⅱ). 재활심리연구, 3(1), 53-69.
정선진 (2006). 또래괴롭힘에 관련된 아동의 사회적 행동 특성, 부모-자녀관계 및 친구관계. 연세대학교 박사학위 청구논문.
조유진 (2011). 공격성과 또래괴롭힘 가해행동의 관계에 대한 부모양육태도의 조절효과. 아동과 권리, 15(1), 67-88.
최윤진, 임현정 (2010). ‘알파걸의 실재 및 진로발달 특성에 대한 탐색적 분석. 한국청소년연구, 21(2), 203-230.
한영경 (2008). 중학생의 관계적 공격성에 영향을 주는 개인 내적 요인. 아주대학교 석사학위 청구논문.
Anderson, J. C., & Gerbing, D. W. (1988). Structural equation modeling in practice: A review and recommended two-step approach. Psychological Bulletin, 103(3), 411-423.
Bakan, D. (1966). The Duality of human existence. Boston: Beacon Press.
Baumrind, D. (1991). Parenting styles and adolescent development. In J. Brooks-Gunn, R. Lerner, & A. Petersen (Eds.), The Encyclopedia of adolescence (pp. 746-758). New York: Garland.
Booth-Laforce, C., Rubin, K. H., Rose-Krasnor, L., & Burges, K. (2004). Attachment and friendship predictors of psychosocial functioning in middle childhood and the mediating roles of social support and self-worth. In K. Kerns & A. Richardson (Eds.), Attachment in middle childhood (pp.161-188). New York: Guilford Press.
Bowers, L., Smith, P. K., & Binney, V. (1994). Perceived family relationships of bullies, victims and Bully/Victims in middle childhood. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 11(2), 215-232.
Browne, W. J., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long(Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA:Sage.
Buntaine, R., & Costenbader, V. (1997). Self-reported differences in the experience and expression of anger between girls and boys. Sex Roles, 36(9-10), 625-637.
Casas, J. F., Weigel, S. M., Crick, N. R., Ostrov, J. M., Woods, K. E., Yeh, E. A. J., & Huddleston-Casas, C. A. (2006). Early parenting and children's relational and physical aggression in the preschool and home contexts. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 27(3), 209-227.
Clark, K. E., & Ladd, G. W. (2000). Connectedness and autonomy support in parent-child relationships: Links to children’s socioemotional orientation and peer relationships. Developmental Psychology 36(4), 485-498.
Crick, N. R. (1996). The role of overt aggression, relational aggression, and prosocial behavior in the prediction of children’s future social adjustment. Child Development, 67(5), 2317-2327.
Crick, N. R, & Grotpeter, J. K. (1995). Relational aggression, gender, and social-psychological adjustment. Child Development, 66(3), 710-722.
Crick, N. R., & Bigbee, M. A. (1998). Relational and overt forms of peer victimization: A multiinformant approach. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 66(2), 337-347.
Downey, G., Lebolt, A., Rincón, C., & Freitas, A. (1998). Rejection Sensitivity and Children’s Interpersonal Difficulties. Child Development, 69(4), 1074-1091.
Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1998). Prosocial development. In W. Damon & N. Eisenberg(Eds.), Handbook of child psychology: Vol. 3. Social, emotional, and personality development (pp. 701-778). New York: Wiley.
Espelage, D. L., Mebane, S. E., & Swearer, S. M. (2004). Gender differences in bullying: Moving beyond mean level differences. In Espelage, D. L., & Swearer, S. M. (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 15-35). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Fabes, R. A., Martin, C. L., & Hanish, L. D. (2003). Young children's play qualities in same-, other-, and mixed-sex peer groups. Child Development, 74(3), 921-932.
Finnegan, R. A., Hodges, E., & Perry, D. G. (1998). Victimization by peers: Associations with children's reports of mother-child interaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 75(4), 1076-1086.
Fuhrman T., & Holmbeck G. N, (1995). A contextual-moderator analysis of emotional autonomy and adjustment in adolescence. Child Development, 66(3), 793-811.
Ghaed, S. G., & Gallo, L. C. (2006). Distinctions among agency, communion, and unmitigated agency and communion according to the interpersonal circumplex, five-factor model, and social-emotional correlates. Journal of Personality Assessment, 86(1), 77-88.
Giesbrecht, G. F., Leadbeater, B. J., & MacDonald, S. W. S. (2011). Child and context characteristics in trajectories of physical and relational victimization among early elementary school children. Development and Psychopathology, 23(1), 239-252.
Goleman, D. (1995). Emotional Intelligence. New York: Bantam Books.
Grave, K. (2007). Not always sugar and spice:Expanding theoretical and functional explanations for why females aggress. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 12(2), 131-140.
Hanish, L. D., Eisenberg, N., Fabes, R. A., Spinard, T. L., Ryan, P., & Schmidt, S. (2004a). The expression and regulation of negative emotions: Risk factors for young children's peer victimization. Development and Psychopathology, 16(2), 335-353.
Hanish, D., Kochenderfer-Ladd, B., Fabes, A., Martin, L., & Denning, D. (2004b). Bullying among young children: The influence of peers and teachers. In D. L. Espelage, & S. M. Swearer (Eds.), Bullying in American schools: A social-ecological perspective on prevention and intervention (pp. 141-159). Mahwah, N.J.: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Hankonen, N., Konttinen, H., & Absetz, P. (2013). Gender-related personality traits, self-efficacy, and social support: How do they relate to women's waist circumference change? Journal of Health Psychology, 19(10), 1291-1301.
Helgeson, V. S., & Fritz, H. L. (1999). Unmitigated agency and unmitigated communion: Distinctions from agency and communion. Journal of Research in Personality, 33(2), 131-158.
Helgeson, V. S., Swanson, J., Ra, O., Randall, H., & Zhao, Y. (2015). Links between unmitigated communion, interpersonal behaviors and well-being: A daily diary approach. Journal of Research in Personality, 57(1), 53-60.
Helwig, N. E., & Ruprecht, M. R. (2017). Age, gender, and self-Esteem: A sociocultural look through a nonparametric Lens. Archives of Scientific Psychology, 5(1), 19-31.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis:Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
Isley, S. L., O'Neil, R., Clatfelter, D., & Parke, R. D. (1999). Parent and child expressed affect and children's social competence: Modeling direct and indirect pathways. Developmental Psychology, 35(2), 547-560.
Jack, D. C. (1991). Silencing the self: Women and depression. MA: Harvard University Press.
Jack, D. C. (2001). Understanding women’s anger:A description of relational patterns. Health Care for Women International, 22(4), 385-400.
Kiesner, J., Cadinu, M., Poulin, F., & Bucci M. (2002). Group identification in early adolescence: Its relation with peer adjustment and its moderator effect on peer influence. Child Development, 73(1), 196-208.
Kindlon, Dan (2007). 새로운 여자의 탄생: 알파걸. (최정숙 역). 서울: 미래의 창. (원서 출판 2006).
Kline, R. B. (2010). 구조방정식모형: 원리와 적용.(이현숙, 김수진, 전수현 공역). 서울: 학지사. (원서출판 2005).
Kornienko, O., Santos, C. E., Martin, C. L., & Granger. (2016). Peer influence on gender identity development in adolescence. Developmental Psychology, 52(10), 1578-1592.
Kreiger, T. C. (2008). When blue acts pink:Gender-related behaviors as predictors of peer acceptance and victimization. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Arizona State University.
Kuppens, S., Laurent, L., Heyvaert, M., & Onghena, P. (2013). Associations between parental psychological control and relational aggression in children and adolescents: A multilevel and sequential meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology, 49(9), 1697-1712.
LaFreniere, P. J., & Sroufe, L. A. (1985). Profiles of peer competence in the preschool:Interrelations between measures, influence of social ecology, and relation to attachment history. Developmental Psychology, 21(1), 56-69.
Leff, S. S., Waasdorp, T. E., & Crick, N. R. (2010). A review of existing relational aggression programs: Strengths, limitations, and future directions. School Psychology Review, 39(4), 508-535.
MacBrayer, E. K., Milich, R., & Hundley, M. (2003). Attributional biases in aggressive children and their mothers. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 112(4), 698-708.
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the ‘porcupine problem’. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42-55.
Mathieson, L., Murray-Close, D., Crick, N., Woods, K., Zimmer-Gembeck, M., Geiger, T., & Morales, J. (2011). Hostile intent attributions and relational aggression: The moderating roles of emotional sensitivity, gender, and victimization. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 39(7), 977-987.
McDowell, D. J., & Parke, R. D. (2000). Differential knowledge of display rules for positive and negative emotions: Influences from parents, influences on peers. Social Development, 9(4), 415-432.
Michiels, D., Grietens, H., Onghena, P., & Kuppens, S. (2008). Parent-child interactions and relational aggression in peer relationships. Developmental Review, 28(4), 522-540.
Mize, J., & Pettit, G. S. (1997). Mothers' social coaching, mother-child relationship style, and children's peer competence: Is the Medium the Message? Child Development, 68(2), 312-332.
Moretti, M. M., Catchpole, R., & Odgers, C. (2005). The darkside of girlhood: Recent Trends, Risk factors and Trajectories to aggression and violence, The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review, 14(1), 21-25.
Muris, P., Meesters, C., Morren, M., & Moorman, L. (2004). Anger and hostility in adolescents:Relationships with self-reported attachment style and perceived parental rearing styles. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 57(3), 257-264.
Navarro, R., Larrañaga, E., & Yubero, S. (2011). Bullying-victimization problems and aggressive tendencies in Spanish secondary schools students: The role of gender stereotypical traits. Social Psychology of Education, 14(4), 457-473.
Nunnally, J. C., & Bernstein, I. H. (1994). Psychometric theory (3rd ed.). New York, NY:McGraw-Hill.
Olweus, D. (1993). Victimization by peers:Antecedents and long-term outcomes. In K. Rubin, & B. Asendorpf(Eds.), Social withdrawal, inhibition, and shyness in childhood (pp. 315-341). Hillsdale, NJ: L. Erlbaum Associates.
Owens, L., Daly, A., & Slee, P. (2005). Sex and age differences in victimization and conflict resolution among adolescents in a South Australian school. Aggressive Behavior, 31(1), 1-12.
Paquette, J. A., & Underwood, M. K. (1999). Gender differences in young adolescents'experiences of peer victimization: Social and physical aggression. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 45(2), 242-266.
Park, J., Essex, M. J., Zahn-Waxler, C., Armstrong, J. M., Klein, M. H., & Goldsmith, H. H. (2005). Relational and overt aggression in middle childhood: Early child and family risk factors. Early Education and Development, 16(2), 233-257.
Perry, D. G., Hodges V. E., & Egan, S. K. (2001). Determinants of chronic victimization by peers. In J. Juvonen, & S. Graham (Eds.), Peer harassment in school: The plight of the vulnerable and victimized (pp. 73-104). New York: Guilford Press.
Pronk, R. E., & Zimmer-Gembeck, M. J. (2010). It’s “Mean,” but what does it mean to adolescents? Relational aggression described by victims, aggressors, and their peers. Journal of Adolescent Research, 25(2), 175-204.
Purdie, V., & Downey, G. (2000). Rejection sensitivity and adolescent girls’ vulnerability to relationship-centered difficulties. Child Maltreatment, 5(4), 338-349.
Rigby, K. (1993). School children's perceptions of their families and parents as a function of peer relations. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 154(4), 501-513.
Roberts, K. E., Hart, T. A., Coroiu, A., & Heimberg, R. G. (2011). Gender role Traits among individuals with social anxiety disorder. Personality and Individual Differences, 51(8), 952-957.
Rohner, R. P. (1986). The Warmth dimension:Foundation of parental acceptance-rejection theory. Bevery Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Solberg, M. E., & Olweus, D. (2003). Prevalence estimation of school bullying with the Olweus Bully/Victim questionnaire. Aggressive Behavior, 29(3), 239-268.
Spence, J. T., Helmreich, R. L., & Holahan, C. K. (1979). Negative and positive components of psychological masculinity and femininity and their relationships to self-reports of neurotic and acting out behaviors. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 37(10), 1673-1682.
Spielberger, C. D. (1988). Professional manual for the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory(STAXI)-research edition. Tampa, Florida: Psychological Assessment Resources, Inc.
Storch, E. A., & Masia-Warner, C. (2004). The relationship of peer victimization to social anxiety and loneliness in adolescent females. Journal of Adolescence, 27(3), 351-362.
Sue, D. W., & Sue, D. (1999). Counseling the Culturally Different (3rd ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
Suess, G. J., Grossmann, K. E., & Sroufe, L. A. (1992). Effects of infant attachment to mother and father on quality of adaptation in preschool: From dyadic to individual organization of self. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 15(1), 43-65.
Sugihara, Y., & Katsurada, E.. (2002). Gender role development in Japanese culture: Diminishing gender role difference in a contemporary society. Sex roles, 47(9-10), 443-452.
Tenenbaum, H. R., & Leaper, C. (2002). Are parents’ gender schemas related to their children’s gender-related cognitions?: A meta-analysis. Developmental Psychology 38(4), 615-630.
Yu, L., & Xie, D. (2008). The relationship between desirable and undesirable gender role traits, and their implications for psychological well-being in Chinese culture. Personality and Individual Differences, 44(7), 1517-1527.
Zarbatany, L., Conley, R., & Pepper, S. (2004). Personality and gender differences in friendship needs and experiences in preadolescence and young adulthood. International Journal of Behavioral Development, 28(4), 299-310.