ISSN : 1229-0718
This study investigated the origin of adult romantic attachment and 'maternal strength hypothesis'. Longitudinal data from 36 participants(20 males; 16 females) of the "Longitudinal Study of Korean Children", conducted by the Korean Institute for Research in the Behavioral Science(KIRBS), was analyzed. This data included attachment patterns at age 26, self-concepts at age 16, and parent-child relationships at age 7. The results indicated that adult romantic attachment was related to mental representations of parents in childhood. Specifically, mental representation of relationship with one's mother was related more strongly to adult attachment than to inner representation of relationship with one's father. Additional findings revealed self-model in adolescence appeared to mediate the relationship between mental representation of relationship with one's mother in childhood and romantic attachment in adulthood. In particular, warm and responsive representation of one's mother in childhood influenced positive self-model in adolescence which, in turn, influenced secure attachment in adulthood.
Predictors of friendship satisfaction were examined using structural equation modeling(SEM) in early-, mid-, and late-adolescence. Friendship functions, conflict-resolution styles, and friendship network characteristics were included as predictors. McGill Friendship Questionnaires and friendship network questionnaire were completed by 142 middle-school, 124 high-school, and 148 university students. Friendship satisfaction was assessed by positive and negative feelings toward the best same-sex friend. In all age groups, the essential predictor for friendship satisfaction was friend's support. which was perceived high either as egalitarian conflict-resolution styles were used or with a large friendship network. Network size and egalitarian conflict-resolution indirectly, via friend's support, predicted positive feelings toward the best friend, while asymmetric conflict-resolution directly predicted negative feelings. There were more similarities than differences in SEM among three age groups. Differences were found in conflict-resolution styles predicting negative feelings and SEM of high school students compared to other groups.
As a pilot study for the development of the Korean version of WISC-III (Korean Wechsler Scale for Children), 221 children(109 boys & 112 girls) from 6 to 16 years-of-age were tested with the revised WISC-III version. The sample population was collected from the northern and southern regions of South Korea; Seoul and cities within the Kyungsang province. The translated version of the WISC-III test contained culturally relevant replacement items within the subtests of 'Picture Completion', 'Information', 'Similarities', 'Arithmetic', 'Vocabulary' and 'Comprehension'. Results indicated the interscorer reliability coefficients measured by two independent scorers were satisfactory on 'Similarities', 'Vocabulary' and 'Comprehension' (.86-.95). The reliabilities of subtests measured by Cronbach Alpha were also high (.73-.95). Factor analyses revealed four factors; Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Organization, Freedom from distractibility and Processing Speed. The correlation of these four factors were high suggesting the general factor of IQ. The pilot study did not reveal any differences in test scores according to the child's gender. It did, however, suggest the existence of regional differences. A large scale standardization study will be performed to further consider the implications of the pilot, as well as to develop the IQ norms and other validity studies for Korean WISC-III.
Academic Intelligence(AI) and Practical Intelligence(PI) differ in that the former is, in general, relevant to the problem solving in academic setting whereas the latter is relevant to problem solving of real life. Especially, for the university students, the importance of PI is critical in that they are at the merge of entering society and leaving school The present study tried to identify what are the differences and similarities between the structure of AI and PI, and which characteristics AI and PI have. Through a pretest with 202 university students, 93 sentences showing typical characteristics of AI and 102 sentences showing typical characteristics of PI were selected. Then 434 university students were asked to measure how each sentence carries the characteristics of people with high AI and high PI, respectively. Results showed that university students, especially seniors, evaluated PI more importantly than AI. Also, the correlations between AI and PI were low, and a series of analyses showed that two concepts of intelligences were unidentical in that each concept has different characteristics or main factors. The meanings and the applications of the results revealed in the presents study were discussed.
Path analysis was used to determine variables influencing problem solving of elementary school children. Participants were 545 dyads of 2nd-, 4th-, and 6th-grade children and their parents. The children and their parents responded to questionnaires on children's temperament, child rearing behaviors, children's self-esteem, depression, self-efficacy, and problem solving ability. Child's temperament and self-efficacy directly affected child's problem solving. Child's temperament, child-rearing behaviors, child's self-esteem, depression, and self-efficacy indirectly affected problem solving such that child's temperament affected child-rearing behaviors, which affected child's self-esteem. Then, child's self-esteem affected child's depression, which in turn, affected child's self-efficacy that directly predicted child's problem solving. Results of the test for the mediation, both warmth child-rearing behavior and child's self-efficacy were mediators of problem solving. Among the variables, self-efficacy played a critical role to predict child's problem solving.
Prospective memory is a self-generated memory which is concerned with performing intended actions in our everyday life. It is a memory of ongoing action or delayed intention regarding the action to be carried out in the future. In this study, we performed two experimental studies in order to identify whether or not age-related differences exist in prospective memory. In experiment 1(exp. 1), we tested if the presence of memory aids(external memory aids: no memory aids) have differential effects on young vs. old subject group. Results of exp. 1 showed age differences in prospective memory performances as well as in retrospective memory tasks. In experiment 2(exp. 2), the age effect in prospective memory was examined by manipulating the distinctiveness of target events(high-distinctiveness: low-distinctiveness). Results of exp. 2 revealed reliable age differences in prospective memory tasks like in exp. 1. But the presence of memory aids and the distinctiveness of target events showed only marginal effects on prospective memory task performances. Also regression analyses in both experiments revealed that the nature of the tasks for two types of memory is quite different, which confirms the assumption that the prospective memory and the retrospective memory are independent.
This study examined the relationships between recollections of parental warmth and control and characteristics of the social support network, expecially network orientation in Korean and Caucasian American undergraduate students. One hundred and forty-seven Caucasian American and two hundred and twenty-one Korean students completed questionnaires regarding parental warmth and control and various characteristics of the social support network. The results showed that American students recalled their fathers and mothers as more warm and more controlling than did Korean students. Korean students showed more negative network orientation, perceived less amount of social support, and less satisfied with their perceived social support than did American students. Analyses also revealed that the more individuals recalled their parents as having been warm, the more positive perceptions about various characteristics of the social support network they reported. In addition, recalled father control were positively associated with perceived amount of social support for Korean students. The implications of these findings are discussed.