바로가기메뉴

본문 바로가기 주메뉴 바로가기

logo

The Predictors of Children's Emotional Regulation and Empathy at Age 5: A Longitudinal Approach

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to identify the variables that mothers and children contribute to children's emotional regulation and empathy in early childhood. A total of 166 mothers and their children participated in this study. Mother's parenting attitude(PARQ) and child's development (K-CDI) at age 3, and mother's parenting attitude(PARQ) and child's emotional regulation(ERC) and empathy(EQ-C) at age 5 were measured. Results are as follows: First, mother's attitude had different short- or long-term effects on children's emotional development. It was mother's indifference at age 3 and mother's warmth and control at age 5 that predicted child's emotional regulation and empathy at age 5. Second, child's language ability at age 3 predicted child's emotional regulation at age 5, and child's self-help ability at age 3 predicted child's empathy at age 5. The study explored the interrelatedness of developmental domains and the effects of parenting on children's emotional regulation and empathy.

keywords
Submission Date
2010-01-12
Revised Date
2010-02-10
Accepted Date
2010-02-11

Reference

1.

김정미, 신희선 (2006a). K-CDI 아동발달검사. 서울: 특수교육

2.

김정미, 신희선 (2006b). K-CDI 아동발달검사 표준화 연구. 아동학회지, 27, 39-53.

3.

이성진 (2004). 학령기 아동의 공감능력과 또래수용도의 관계. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.

4.

전병성 (2002). 공감과 이타행동과의 관계. 충남대학교 석사학위논문.

5.

홍화진 (1986). 아동의 공감발달과 친사회적 행동과의 관계. 이화여자대학교 석사학위논문.

6.

Astington, J. W., & Gopnik, A. (1991). Theoretical explanations of children's understanding of the mind. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9, 7-31.

7.

Bandura, A. (1977). Social Learning Theory. New York: General Learning Press.

8.

Barnett, M. A., King, L. M., Howard, J. A., & Dino, G. A. (1980). Empathy in young children: Relationship to parents' empathy, affection, and emphasis on the feelings of others. Developmental Psychology, 16, 243-244.

9.

Baron-Cohen, S., & Wheelwright, S. (2004). The empathy quotient: an investigation of adults with Aspager's syndrome or high functioning autism, and normal sex differences. Journal of Autism & Developmental Disorders, 34, 163-175.

10.

Bauer, J. (2005). Warum ich fühle, was dufühlst. Hamburg: Hoffman und Campe Verlag. 이미옥 역. (2006). 공감의 심리학: 말하지 않아도 네 마음을 어떻게 내가 느낄 수 있을까. 서울: 에코리브르.

11.

Brooks-Gunn, J., & Duncan, G. J. (1997). The effects of poverty on children. The Future of Children and Poverty, 7, 55-71.

12.

Bushnell, E. W., & Boudreau, J. P. (1993). Motor development and the mind: The potential role of motor abilities as a determinant of aspects of perceptual development. Child Development, 64, 1006-1021.

13.

Buss, A. H., & Plomin, R. (1984). Temperament: Early developing personality traits. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Assocates. Inc.

14.

Calkins, S. D., Gill, K. L., Johnson, M. C., & Smith, C. L. (1999). Emotional reactivity and emotional regulation strategies as predictors of social behavior with peers during toddlerhood. Social Development, 8, 310-341.

15.

Calkins, S. D., Smith, C. L., Gill, K. L, & Johnson, M. C. (1998). Maternal interactive style across contexts: Relations to emotional, behavioral and physiological regulation during toddlerhood. Social Development, 7, 350-369.

16.

Campos, J. J., Mumme, D. L., Kermoian, R., & Campos, R. G. (1994). A functionalist perspective on the nature of emotion. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59 (2-3, Serial No. 240), 284-304.

17.

Caspi, A., & Silva, P. A. (1995). Temperamental qualities at age 3 predict personality traits in young adulthood: Longitudinal evidence from a birth cohort. Child Development, 66, 486-498.

18.

Caspi, A., Harrington, H., Milne, B., Amell, J. W., Theodore, R. F., & Moffitt, T. E. (2003). Children's behavioral styles at age 3 are linked to their adult personality traits at age 26. Journal of Personality, 71, 495-513.

19.

Chapman, E., Baron-Cohen, S., Auyeung, B., Knickmeyer, R., Taylor, K., & Hackett, G. (2006). Foetal testosterone and empathy: Evidence from the Empathy Quotient(EQ) and the ‘Reading the Mind in the Eyes’test. Social Neuroscience, 1, 135-148.

20.

Cicchetti, D., & Toth, S. L. (1995). A developmental psychopathology perspective on child abuse and neglect. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 34, 541-564.

21.

Colman, R. A., Hardy, S. A., Albert, M., Raffaelli, M., & Crockett, L. (2006). Early predictors of self-regulation in middle childhood. Infant and Child Development, 15, 421-437.

22.

Denham, S. A., Blair, K. A., DeMulder, E., Levitas, J., Sawyer, K., & Auerbach-Major, S. (2003). Preschool emotional competence: Pathway to social competence? Child Development, 74, 238-256.

23.

Duckworth, K. L., Bargh, J. A., Garcia, M., & Chaiken, S. (2002). The automatic evaluation of novel stimuli. Psychological Science, 13, 513-519

24.

Eisenberg, N., Cumberland, A. L., Spinrad, T. L., Fabes, R., Shepard, S. A., & Reiser, M. (2001). The relations of regulation and emotionality to chidren's externalizing and internalizing problem behavior. Child Development, 72, 1112-1134.

25.

Eisenberg, N., & Fabes, R. A. (1991). Prosocial behavior and empathy: A multimethod, developmental perspective. In Clark, M. (Ed.), Review of Personality and Social Psychology (pp. 34-61) Sage, Newbury Park, CA,

26.

Eisenberg, N., Sadovsky, A., & Spinrad, T. (2005). Associations of emotion-related regulation with language skills, emotion knowledge, and academic outcomes. New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development, 109, 109-118.

27.

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and Crisis. New York: Norton.

28.

Fenson, L, Dale, P. S., Reznick, L., Bates, E., Thail, D., & Pethick, S. J. (1994). Variability in early communicative development. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, 5, i-185.

29.

Friend, M., & Davis, T. L. (1993). Appearancereality distinction: Children's understanding of physical and affective domains. Developmental Psychology, 29, 907-914.

30.

Fujiki, M., Brinton, B., & Clarke, D. (2002). Emotion regulation in children with specific language impairment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 33, 102-111.

31.

Gnepp, J., & Hess, D. L. (1986). Children's understanding of verbal and facial display. Developmental Psychology, 22, 103-108.

32.

Goldsmith, H. H., Buss, K. A., & Lemery, K. S. (1997). Toddler and childhood temperament: Expended content, stronger genetic evidence, new evidence for the importance of environment. Developmental Psychology, 33, 891-905.

33.

Granziano, P. A., Reavis, R. D., Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2007). The role of emotion regulation in children's early academic success. Journal of School Psychology, 45, 3-19.

34.

Grühn, D., Rebucal, K., Diehl, M., Lumley, M., & Labouvie-Vief, G. (2008). Empathy across the adult lifespan: Longitudinal and experience sampling findings. Emotion, 8, 753-765.

35.

Gumora, G., & Arsenio, W. F. (2002). Emotionality, regulation, and school performance in middle school children. Journal of School Psychology, 40, 395-413.

36.

Harris, P. L., & Gross, D. (1988). Children's understanding of real and apparent emotion. In J. W. Astington, P. L. Harris, & D. R. Olson (Eds.), Developing theories of mind (pp. 295-314). New York: Cambridge University Press.

37.

Harris, P. L., Johnson, C. N., Hutton, D., Andrews, G., & Cook, T. (1989). Young children's theory of mind and emotion. Cognition and Emotion, 3, 379-400.

38.

Hart, B., & Risley, T. R. (1995). Meaningful differences in everyday experience of young American children. Baltimore, MD: Paul Brookes Publishing Co.

39.

Hill, E. L. (2001). Non-specific nature of specific language impairment: A review of the literature with regard to concomitant motor impairments. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorder, 36, 149-171.

40.

Hoffman, M. L. (2001). Empathy and moral development: Implications for caring and justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.

41.

Howse, R. B., Calkins, S. D., Anastopoulos, A. D., & Keane, S. P., & Shelton, T. L. (2003). Regulatory contributors to children's kindergarten achievement. Early Education & Development, 14, 101-119.

42.

Hughes, C., & Dunn, J. (1998). Understanding mind and emotion: Longitudinal associations with mental-state talk between young friends. Developmental Psychology, 34, 1026-1037.

43.

Ireton, H. (1992). Child Development Inventory, Manual. Minneapolis: Behavior Science System.

44.

Keane, S. P., & Calkins, S. D. (2004). Predicting kindergarten peer social status from toddle and preschooler problem behavior. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 32, 409-423.

45.

Keenan, K. (2000). Emotional dysregulation as a risk factor for child psychopathology. Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice, 7, 418-434.

46.

Kopp, C. B. (1989). Regulation of distress and negative emotions: A developmental view. Developmental Psychology, 25, 343-354.

47.

Malatesta, C., & Haviland, J. (1982). Learning display rule: The socialization of emotion expression in infancy. Child Development, 53, 991-1003.

48.

Meltzoff, A. N. (2005) Imitation and other minds: The “Like Me” hypothesis. In S. Hurley and N. Chater (Eds.), Perspectives on Imitation: From Neuroscience to Social Science (Vol. 2, pp. 55-77). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

49.

Meltzoff, A. N., & Moore, M. K. (1989). Imitation in newborn infants: Exploring the range of gestures imitated and the underlying mechanisms. Developmental Psychology, 25, 954-962.

50.

Niedenthal, P. M. (2007). Embodying emotion. Science, 316, 1002-1005.

51.

Piaget, J. (1953). The origin of the intelligence in the child. London: Routledge.

52.

Piek, J. P., Dawson, L., Smith, L. M., & Gasson, N. (2008). The role of early fine and gross motor development on later motor and cognitive ability. Human Movement Science, 27, 668-681.

53.

Ridgeway, D., Waters, E., & Kuczaj, S. A. (1985). Acquisition of emotion-descriptive language: Receptive and productive vocabulary norms for age 18 months to 6 years. Developmental Psychology, 21, 901-908.

54.

Rohner, R. P. (2005). Parental Acceptance Rejection Questionnaire (PARQ): Test manual. In R. P. Rohner & A. Khaleque (Eds.), Handbook for the study of parental acceptance and rejection (4th ed., pp. 43-106). Storrs, CT: Rohner Research Publications

55.

Rydell, A. M., Berlin, L., & Bohlin, G. (2003). Emotionality, emotion regulation, and adaptation among 5- to 8-year old children. Emotion, 3, 30-47.

56.

Saarni, C. (1979). Children's understanding of display rules for expressive behavior. Developmental psychology, 15, 424-429.

57.

Saarni, C. (1999). The development of emotional competence. New York: Guilford Press.

58.

Shaffer, D. R., & Kipp, K. (2007). Developmental Psychology: Childhood and Adolescence. Belmont: Wadsworth.

59.

Shields, A., & Cicchetti, D. (1997). Emotion regulation among school-age children: The development and validation of a new criterion Q-sort scale. Developmental Psychology, 33, 906-916.

60.

Shipman, K. L., & Zeman, J. (2001). Socialization of children's emotion regulation in mother-child dyads: A developmental psychopathology perspective. Development and Psychopathology, 13, 317-336.

61.

Stansbury, K., & Zimmermann, L. K. (1999). Relations among child language skills, maternal socialization of emotion regulation, and child behavioral problems. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 30, 121-142.

62.

Stepper, S., & Strack, F. (1993). Proprioceptive determinants of emotional and nonemotional feelings. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 211-220.

63.

Strack, F., Martin, L. L., & Stepper, S. (1988). Inhibiting and facilitating conditions of the human smile: A nonobtrusive test of the facial feedback hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 54, 768-777

64.

Tom, G., Pettersen, P., Lau, T., Burton, T., & Cook, J. (1991). The role of overt head movement in the formation of affect. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 12, 281-289.

65.

Thompson, R. A. (1987). Empathy and emotional understanding: The early development of empathy. In N. Eisenberg, & J. Strayer (Eds.), Empathy and its development (pp. 119-145). Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press.

66.

Thompson, R. A. (1994). Emotion regulation: A theme in search of definition. In The Development of emotion regulation:Biological and behavioral considerations. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 59, (2-3, Serial No.240), 25-52.

67.

Tronick, E. Z. (1989). Emotion and emotional communication in infants. American Psychologist, 44, 112-119.

68.

Wijnroks, L., & van Veldhoven, N. (2003). Individual differences in postural control and cognitive development in preterm infants. Infant Behavior and Development, 26, 14-26.

69.

Zachor, D. A., Ilanit, T., & Itzchak, E. B. (2009). Autism severity and motor abilities correlates of imitation situations in children with autism spectrum disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorder, doi:10,1016/j.rasd.2009.10.016 에 게시.

70.

Zahn-Waxler, C., Radke-Yarrow, M., & King, R. (1979). Child rearing and children's prosocial initiation toward victims of distress. Child Development, 50, 319-330.

logo