ISSN : 1229-0718
Age and sex differences in children's prosocial behavior, knowledge of mental states, and empathy were examined during a dictator game. Participants were 132 children aged 4, 6, and 8 years. Children were asked to divide 10 candies between themself and an anonymous recipient. Knowledge of mental states was measured by first-order and second-order false belief tasks. Empathy was measured by The Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents. Older children and girls engaged in more prosocial behavior, and 8 year olds offered significantly more candy to recipients than 4 year olds. In addition, first-order and second-order false belief understanding and empathy were significantly and positively correlated with prosocial behavior. The greater a child’s understanding of mental states and empathy, the more he/she engages in prosocial behavior. Finally, a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that empathy significantly predicted children's prosocial behavior; however, understanding mental states was not predictive. These results suggest that children's prosocial behavior is related more to emotional factors rather than cognitive factors.
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