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ISSN : 1229-0718
본 연구에서는 4세, 6세와 8세 아동 132명을 대상으로 친사회적 행동이 연령과 성별에 따라 어떠한 차이를 보이고, 마음의 이해와 공감이 친사회적 행동에 어떤 영향을 미치는지를 알아보았다. 아동의 친사회적 행동은 경제게임 가운데 하나인 독재자 게임으로 평가하였고, 마음의 이해는 일차순위와 이차순위 틀린 믿음 과제로 평가하였으며, 공감은 수정한 Bryant(1982)의 척도로 평가하였다. 학령전기 아동들도 친사회적 행동을 보였으나 친사회적 행동은 연령이 증가할수록, 특히 8세에 크게 증가하였다. 4세에는 여아들이 남아들보다 더 친사회적 행동을 보였으나 6세와 8세에는 차이가 없었다. 일차순위와 이차순위 틀린 믿음과 공감이 모두 친사회적 행동과 유의한 정적 상관을 보여서 아동들이 타인의 마음을 잘 이해하고, 공감을 잘 할수록 더 친사회적으로 행동하였다. 그러나 위계적 회귀분석으로 연령과 성별의 영향을 통제하였을 때 공감만이 친사회적 행동을 설명하였고 틀린 믿음은 설명력을 상실하였다. 이는 아동의 친사회적 행동에는 다른 사람의 마음에 대한 인지적 이해보다는 다른 사람의 감정이나 정서에 대한 공감이 더 중요함을 시사한다.
Age and sex differences in children's prosocial behavior, knowledge of mental states, and empathy were examined during a dictator game. Participants were 132 children aged 4, 6, and 8 years. Children were asked to divide 10 candies between themself and an anonymous recipient. Knowledge of mental states was measured by first-order and second-order false belief tasks. Empathy was measured by The Index of Empathy for Children and Adolescents. Older children and girls engaged in more prosocial behavior, and 8 year olds offered significantly more candy to recipients than 4 year olds. In addition, first-order and second-order false belief understanding and empathy were significantly and positively correlated with prosocial behavior. The greater a child’s understanding of mental states and empathy, the more he/she engages in prosocial behavior. Finally, a hierarchical regression analysis revealed that empathy significantly predicted children's prosocial behavior; however, understanding mental states was not predictive. These results suggest that children's prosocial behavior is related more to emotional factors rather than cognitive factors.
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