open access
메뉴
open access
메뉴
ISSN : 1229-0718
The purpose of this study was to examine the hostile cognitive bias in the task of interpreting neutral facial expressions after social exclusion and to find whether gratitude moderates the relationship between social exclusion and cognitive interpretation bias. Eighty-nine emerging adults participated in the experiment. The data analysis used a 2(social exclusion/acceptance) X 2(gratitude writing/control) ANOVA. The Cyberball game and gratitude writing task were used to manipulate social exclusion and gratitude respectively. For the interpretation task, the participants were asked to look at the neutral facial expressions and evaluate the degree of rejection as well as friendliness of each facial expression. Results indicated that there was a significant interaction effect between social exclusion and gratitude in interpreting neutral facial expressions as rejecting. However, in interpreting neutral facial expressions as friendly, only the main effect of gratitude was significant. Based on the results, therapeutic intervention strategies for negative outcomes of social exclusion were discussed.
권선중, 김교헌, 이홍석 (2006). 한국판 감사성향 척도 (K-GQ-6)의 신뢰도 및 타당도. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 11(1), 177-190.
송경희, 이승연, 김희영, 황정윤 (2016). 사회적배제경험이 여대생의 전위된 공격성에 미치는 영향. 한국심리학회 학술대회 자료집, 2016(8), 283-283.
이수정, 이현성, 이정헌 (2013). 묻지마 범죄자에 대한 심리학적 하위유형 연구. 보호관찰, 13(2), 136-186.
이지은, 김정호, 김미리혜 (2016). 감사일지 작성이 우울 성향이 있는 여대생의 우울, 주관적 웰빙, 낙관성 및 인지적 정서조절전략에 미치는 효과. 한국심리학회지: 건강, 21(1), 19-46.
Arnett, J. J. (2007). Emerging adulthood: What is it, and what is it good for? Child Development Perspectives, 1(2), 68-73.
Bailey, C. A., & Ostrov, J. M. (2008). Differentiating forms and functions of aggression in emerging adults: Associations with hostile attribution biases and normative beliefs. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 37(6), 713-722.
Bartlett, M. Y., Condon, P., Cruz, J., Baumann, J., & Desteno, D. (2012). Gratitude:Prompting behaviours that build relationships. Cognition & Emotion, 26(1), 2-13.
Baumeister, R. F., Twenge, J. M., & Nuss, C. K. (2002). Effects of social exclusion on cognitive processes: anticipated aloneness reduces intelligent thought. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 83(4), 817-827.
Bearman, P. S., & Moody, J. (2004). Suicide and friendships among American adolescents. American Journal of Public Health, 94(1), 89-95.
Birk, M. V., Buttlar, B., Bowey, J. T., Poeller, S., Thomson, S. C., Baumann, N., & Mandryk, R. L. (2016). The Effects of Social Exclusion on Play Experience and Hostile Cognitions in Digital Games. In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (pp. 3007-3019). ACM.
Bryant, F. B., & Smith, B. D. (2001). Refining the architecture of aggression: A measurement model for the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire. Journal of Research in Personality, 35(2), 138-167.
Buckley, K. E., Winkel, R. E., & Leary, M. R. (2004). Reactions to acceptance and rejection:Effects of level and sequence of relational evaluation. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(1), 14-28.
Bushman, B. J., & Anderson, C. A. (2002). Violent video games and hostile expectations:A test of the general aggression model. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1679-1686.
Buss, A. H., & Perry, M. (1992). The aggression questionnaire. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63(3), 452-459.
Carter Sowell, A. R., Chen, Z., & Williams, K. D. (2008). Ostracism increases social susceptibility. Social Influence, 3(3), 143-153.
Chow, R. M., Tiedens, L. Z., & Govan, C. L. (2008). Excluded emotions: The role of anger in antisocial responses to ostracism. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 44(3), 896-903.
Coles, M. E., & Heimberg, R. G. (2005). Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobia: a replication and extension. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 43(1), 109-120.
Compton, M. T., Thompson, N. J., & Kaslow, N. J. (2005). Social environment factors associated with suicide attempt among low-income African Americans: The protective role of family relationships and social support. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 40(3), 175-185.
DeWall, C. N., & Baumeister, R. F. (2006). Alone but feeling no pain: Effects of social exclusion on physical pain tolerance and pain threshold, affective forecasting, and interpersonal empathy. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(1), 1-15.
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Bushman, B., Im, C., & Williams, K. (2010). A little acceptance goes a long way applying social impact theory to the rejection-aggression link. Social Psychological and Personality Science, 1(2), 168-174.
DeWall, C. N., Twenge, J. M., Gitter, S. A., & Baumeister, R. F. (2009). It's the thought that counts: The role of hostile cognition in shaping aggressive responses to social exclusion. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96(1), 45-59.
Dodge, K. A. (1980). Social cognition and children's aggressive behavior. Child Development, 51(1), 162-170.
Emmons, R. A., & McCullough, M. E. (2003). Counting blessings versus burdens: an experimental investigation of gratitude and subjective well-being in daily life. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 84(2), 377-389.
Emmons, R. A., & Shelton, C. M. (2002). Gratitude and the science of positive psychology. In C. R. Snyder & S. J. Lopez (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology (pp. 459-471). New York: Oxford University Press.
Fredrickson, B. L. (2004). Gratitude like other positive emotions, broaden and builds. In R. A. Emmons & M. E. McCullough (Eds.), The psychology of gratitude (pp. 145-166). New York: Oxford University Press.
Fredrickson, B. L., & Branigan, C. (2005). Positive emotions broaden the scope of attention and thought action repertoires. Cognition &Emotion, 19(3), 313-332.
Garland, E. L., Fredrickson, B., Kring, A. M., Johnson, D. P., Meyer, P. S., & Penn, D. L. (2010). Upward spirals of positive emotions counter downward spirals of negativity:Insights from the broaden-and-build theory and affective neuroscience on the treatment of emotion dysfunctions and deficits in psychopathology. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 849-864.
Hall-Lande, J. A., Eisenberg, M. E., Christenson, S. L., & Neumark-Sztainer, D. (2007). Social isolation, psychological health, and protective factors in adolescence. Adolescence, 42(166), 265-286.
Hasan, Y., Bègue, L., & Bushman, B. J. (2012). Viewing the world through “blood-red tinted glasses”: The hostile expectation bias mediates the link between violent video game exposure and aggression. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 48(4), 953-956.
Hawkley, L. C., Williams, K. D., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Responses to ostracism across adulthood. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 6(2), 234-243.
Healy, S. J., Murray, L., Cooper, P. J., Hughes, C., & Halligan, S. L. (2015). A longitudinal investigation of maternal influences on the development of child hostile attributions and aggression. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 44(1), 80-92.
Heinrichs, N., & Hofmann, S. G. (2001). Information processing in social phobia: A critical review. Clinical Psychology Review, 21(5), 751-770.
Joormann, J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2006). Is this happiness I see? Biases in the identification of emotional facial expressions in depression and social phobia. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 115(4), 705-714.
Lakin, J. L., Chartrand, T. L., & Arkin, R. M. (2008). I am too just like you nonconscious mimicry as an automatic behavioral response to social exclusion. Psychological Science, 19(8), 816-822.
Lambert, N. M., & Fincham, F. D. (2011). Expressing gratitude to a partner leads to more relationship maintenance behavior. Emotion, 11(1), 52-60.
Lambert, N. M., Fincham, F. D., & Stillman, T. F. (2012). Gratitude and depressive symptoms:The role of positive reframing and positive emotion. Cognition & Emotion, 26(4), 615-633.
Lansford, J. E., Malone, P. S., Dodge, K. A., Pettit, G. S., & Bates, J. E. (2010). Developmental cascades of peer rejection, social information processing biases, and aggression during middle childhood. Development and Psychopathology, 22(3), 593-602.
Leary, M. R., Twenge, J. M., & Quinlivan, E. (2006). Interpersonal rejection as a determinant of anger and aggression. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 10(2), 111-132.
Lundh, L.-G., & Öst, L.-G. (1996). Recognition bias for critical faces in social phobics. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(10), 787-794.
Maner, J. K., DeWall, C. N., Baumeister, R. F., & Schaller, M. (2007). Does social exclusion motivate interpersonal reconnection? Resolving the “porcupine problem”. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 42-55.
McCullough, M. E., Emmons, R. A., & Tsang, J.-A. (2002). The grateful disposition: a conceptual and empirical topography. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(1), 112-127.
McCullough, M. E., Tsang, J.-A., & Emmons, R. A. (2004). Gratitude in intermediate affective terrain: links of grateful moods to individual differences and daily emotional experience. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 86(2), 295-309.
Miller, N., Pedersen, W. C., Earleywine, M., & Pollock, V. E. (2003). A theoretical model of triggered displaced aggression. Personality &Social Psychology Review, 7(1), 75-97.
Mogg, K., & Bradley, B. P. (1999). Some methodological issues in assessing attentional biases for threatening faces in anxiety: A replication study using a modified version of the probe detection task. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 37(6), 595-604.
Molano, A., Jones, S. M., Brown, J. L., & Aber, J. L. (2013). Selection and Socialization of Aggressive and Prosocial Behavior: The Moderating Role of Social-Cognitive Processes. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 23(3), 424-436.
Pharo, H., Gross, J., Richardson, R., & Hayne, H. (2011). Age-related changes in the effect of ostracism. Social Influence, 6(1), 22-38.
Rash, J. A., Matsuba, M. K., & Prkachin, K. M. (2011). Gratitude and Well Being: Who Benefits the Most from a Gratitude Intervention? Applied Psychology: Health and Well Being, 3(3), 350-369.
Richards, A., French, C. C., Calder, A. J., Webb, B., Fox, R., & Young, A. W. (2002). Anxiety-related bias in the classification of emotionally ambiguous facial expressions. Emotion, 2(3), 273-287.
Rigby, K. (2000). Effects of peer victimization in schools and perceived social support on adolescent well-being. Journal of Adolescence, 23(1), 57-68.
Schofield, C. A., Coles, M. E., & Gibb, B. E. (2007). Social anxiety and interpretation biases for facial displays of emotion: Emotion detection and ratings of social cost. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 45(12), 2950-2963.
Stevens, S., Gerlach, A. L., & Rist, F. (2008). Effects of alcohol on ratings of emotional facial expressions in social phobics. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 22(6), 940-948.
Tremblay, P. F., & Belchevski, M. (2004). Did the instigator intend to provoke? A key moderator in the relation between trait aggression and aggressive behavior. Aggressive Behavior, 30(5), 409-424.
Tsumura, K., & Murata, K. (2015). Effects of social anxiety and group membership of potential affiliates on social reconnection after ostracism. Current Research in Social Psychology, 23(3), 18-25.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., DeWall, C. N., Ciarocco, N. J., & Bartels, J. M. (2007). Social exclusion decreases prosocial behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 92(1), 56-66.
Twenge, J. M., Baumeister, R. F., Tice, D. M., & Stucke, T. S. (2001). If you can't join them, beat them: effects of social exclusion on aggressive behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 81(6), 1058-1069.
Twenge, J. M., Zhang, L., Catanese, K. R., Dolan Pascoe, B., Lyche, L. F., & Baumeister, R. F. (2007). Replenishing connectedness: Reminders of social activity reduce aggression after social exclusion. British Journal of Social Psychology, 46(1), 205-224.
Van Beest, I., & Williams, K. D. (2006). When inclusion costs and ostracism pays, ostracism still hurts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 91(5), 918-928.
Veldhuis, T. M., Gordijn, E. H., Veenstra, R., & Lindenberg, S. (2014). Vicarious group-based rejection: creating a potentially dangerous mix of humiliation, powerlessness, and anger. PLoS ONE, 9(4): e95421.
Wesselmann, E. D., Butler, F. A., Williams, K. D., & Pickett, C. L. (2010). Adding injury to insult: Unexpected rejection leads to more aggressive responses. Aggressive Behavior, 36, 232-237.
Williams, K. D. (1997). Social ostracism. In R. Kowalski (Ed.), Aversive interpersonal behaviors (pp. 133-170). New York: Plenum Press.
Williams, K. D. (2007). Ostracism. Psychology, 58(1), 425-452.
Williams, K. D., Case, T. I., & Govan, C. L. (2003). Impact of ostracism on social judgments and decisions: Explicit and implicit responses. In J. P. Forgas, K. D. Williams, &W. Hippel (Eds.), Social judgments: Implicit and explicit processes (pp. 325-342). New York, NY:Cambridge University Press.
Williams, K. D., Cheung, C. K., & Choi, W. (2000). Cyberostracism: effects of being ignored over the Internet. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 79(5), 748-762.
Williams, K. D., Govan, C. L., Croker, V., Tynan, D., Cruickshank, M., & Lam, A. (2002). Investigations into differences between socialand cyberostracism. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, and Practice, 6(1), 65-77.
Williams, K. D., & Sommer, K. L. (1997). Social ostracism by coworkers: Does rejection lead to loafing or compensation? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23(7), 693-706.
Williams, K. D., Yeager, D., Cheung, C., & Choi, W. (2012). Cyberball (version 4.0) [Software]. Retrieved January, 10, 2012.
Wood, A. M., Froh, J. J., & Geraghty, A. W. (2010). Gratitude and well-being: A review and theoretical integration. Clinical Psychology Review, 30(7), 890-905.
Zadro, L., Williams, K. D., & Richardson, R. (2004). How low can you go? Ostracism by a computer is sufficient to lower self-reported levels of belonging, control, self-esteem, and meaningful existence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 40(4), 560-567.