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ISSN : 1229-0718
These studies examines when and how Korean speaking 3-year--old children and adults honor or suspend the mutual exclusivity assumption. When a novel label on the one novel animal picture was taught in Exp 1, most subjects interpreted it as a basic category name, but some as a proper name. In addition, they assigned the second label only to the members of an unnamed basic category if they had interpreted the first label as a basic category name, or only to one of unnamed stimuli. When a novel label was taught on the two animal in Exgs 2, each from the two basic categories of animal, they interpreted the label as a superodinate category name, and assigned the second label to the members of the unnamed superordinate category. The other three experiments have examined whether they coed accept two names to the same object by suspending mutual exclusivity. When the first label was given to a member of one basic category of a higher category, and the second label to the previously named stimulus and a member of the other basic category, 3-year-olds as well as adults accepted the two labels as category names from different category levels in Exp 3. When each of the two members of a basic category were given two labels each in Exp 4, they accepted them as names from different levels. In addition when the two labels were given to the same stimulus in Exp 5, they accepted them as synonyms. However, they avoided choosing the previously named stimuli for the referents for a third novel Label. These results suggest that mutual exclusivity is a default optional constraint on word meaning.
The purpose of this study is to conceptualize the characteristics of maternal separation anxiety, and to find its related variables. Subjects were consisted of 297 mothers who had children from 6 to 36 months of age. The measurement instruments are the questionnaire which consisted of the following parts: Maternal Separation Anxiety Scale(Cho and Park, 1992), Maternal Role Inventory(Farel, 1980) and interview on the pattern of child care and mother's employment. The data was analyzed by the statistical method bashed on frequency, Percentile, Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA, t-test, F-test, Scheffé r test, and Pearson's correlation. The main results were as follows: 1. As a result of investigating the differences of maternal separation anxiety according to the pattern of child care, in respect of trusting degree for caregiver, the higher trust degree resulted in the lower maternal separation anxiety (p<.001). 2. There were significant differences(p<.01) in the maternal separation anxiety according to prenatal employment plan, mother's employment status and employment preference. Maternal separation anxiety had a significant negative correlation (r = -.41, p<.001) with mothers' positive attitudes for their occupations.
As a pilot study for the development of Korean version of WPPSI-R, 301 preschool and primary school children were tested with a revised WPPSI-R in three locations (Seoul, Chung -joo, and Ulsan). The pilot version of the test was prepared based on the translation of the original material(manual and the fast items) as well as the addition of new items for subtests of Information, Comprehension, Vocabulary, and Similarities. Interscorer reliability coefficients measured by two independent scoters with 30 children's data were satisfactory:.94 on Comprehension, .97 on Vocabulary, .88 on Similarities, .80 on Mazes and .94 on Geometric Design. Spearman-Brown split-half reliability coefficients for 11 subtests were found very similar to those for the original WPPSI-R. The reliability estimate for 'Animal Pegs' was not obtained since the split half technique is inappropriate for estimating the reliability of speeded tests. All coefficiants were above .80 except the Object Assembly(.56). Another index of the consistency of scores, the standard error of measurement was also obtained. Factor analyses revealed three significant factors, the performance factor, the verbal factor as well as the 'animal pegs' factor which explained over 60% of total variance in all age groups. Girls performed slightly higher than the boys in all subtests especially in Geometric Design and Animal Pegs. This study developed test material and the standardization study for the IQ norms and other validity studies will be followed.
This study investigated Korean adolescent's moral judgments in the social-conventional domain that have been neglected in previous studies. In this study, adolescent's evaluations of the importance of accepting social conventions such as caring for others in need and maintaining social legitimacy were examined. Differences by grade and gender in the judgments were also analyzed. Subjects of social conventional study were 864 students sampled from junior high and senior high schools and colleges located in the cities of Seoul and Pusan. For the study of social responsibilities, 576 subjects in the same grades were sampled from the schools in Daegu and Pusan areas. Subjects were asked to write their judgments on the behaviors that deviated from conventions and the reasons for accepting or rejecting them. Judgments on the importance of caring for others and maintaining legitimacy were evaluated by analyzing the responses on the 9-point scale. Adolescents revealed high level of resistance to the pressure of conventions and using Turiel's model as a reference displayed low developmental level of judgment. These results were discussed in terms of authority relationship between adults and adolescents and adequacy of conventional judgment. Adolescent's perceived importance of caring for others increased in late adolescence, varied with the degree of necessity and the intimacy of relationship. No gender difference was found. Evaluation on the importance of social legitimacy showed no difference between grades but displayed a significant interaction with intimacy of relationships and the degree of conflict. The results were discussed with reference to the studies by Eisenberg, Gilligan, Miller et al., and Kohlberg's theory of moral development.
A Child's language comprehension or performance capability has attracted much attention as an indirect indicator of his or her intellectual ability. The language development is clay related with his early experiences from the environment. His language competence and performance reflect the degree and quality of his social interactions and emotional experiences. This study sees the language ability as a basic skill in personal interaction and learning process, and focuses on the differences of the skill by the parents socio-economic level. The hypotheses on this study are as follows: First, female may be superior th male in language development level in terms of sex. Second, middle-upper classes children may be superior to lower class children in terms of language development. Third, compare to the middle-upper classes, lower closs may show more language development level difference in terms of sex. The samples, one hundred children of five and six years of age, were taken from ten kindergartens and nine daycare centers in the Kangnam and Kangbuk area of Seoul, equally distributed by sex and parents socio-economic status. The result shows that their language abilities are different by sex, age, and socio-economic group. The difference gap is bigger in the older age groups. Children from the middle-upper class families show significantly higher abilities than those from the low class; families, regardless of their age or sex. However, the interactive effects of age and sex with socio-economic factors are no present.
This study is a short-term longitudinal panel study which has followed the changes in self-competence of 6th-grade boys and girls who were in the period of transition in terms of growth spurt, physic-psychological change, and middle school entrance. Especially, the gender difference in perceived self-competence is focused with influences of social support from parents and peers and temperament defined as a behavioral style. In a longitudinal correlational analysis, it is a common result in boys and girls that social competence is significantly correlated with peer support and academic competence is correlated with parental support. However, there is a gender difference in the influence of social support on global self-esteem; that is, boys's self-esteem is significantly correlated with social support, however, girls's self-esteem is not. In addition, gender difference is shown in the bivariate relationship between self-competence and temperament; that is, boys's self-competence is highly correlated with distractability and persistence, however, girls's self-competence is highly correlated with general activity level. Finally, this study compares the Goodness-of-Fitness model of temperament with the Personological model and proposes a new methodology of assessing peer demand for temperament In a frequency analysis of significant correlations, a difference of predicaability between two models is not found.
70 fathers and their 3-year-old children were observed at home by mothers. Attachment security and dependency were scored from Q-Sort, reports of mothers using the Wags Attachment Behavior Q-Set(Revision 3.0). The study results showed that the range of attachment security was from -.30∼.57(mean, .22) and that of attachment dependency was from -.49 ∼.50(mean,.01). Attachment security and dependency were conceptually orthogonal(r=.05). The child's sex and the birth order did not show any significant effect on the attachment security and dependency. This study focused on the child-father attachment showed lower attachment security than the child-mother attachment of the former studies. This means that father's role has less effectiveness in secure base for the child than mother's.
This study examined the psychosocial development in late childhood and adolescent by the Self-Image Questionnaire for Young Adolescents(SIQYA). The subjects were 855 boys and 900 girls of 7 age groups from grade 5th to 11th. They were sampled from 10 areas in Seoul and classified by 3 social economic status. As results, the main effect of sex were found significant in the subtest of Emotional Tone, Mastery & Coping, Body Image. The main effect of age were significant in the subtest of Emotional Tone, Psychopathology, Family Relationship, Peer Relationship, Mastery & Coping, Body Image. The interaction effect of age by social economic status in the Emotional Tone, Mastery & Coping, Body Image and of sex by social economic status in the Family Relationship and Body Image were significant. The implication of this results and following studies were discussed.
Traditionally, it was accepted hemispheric asymmetry of verbal function exist in the adult brain. However, it is unclear when this difference first emerges and how degree of asymmetry changes. Does cerebral specialization develop from an initial bilateral representation to a progressively more localized specialization, or does it follow an invariant model? And, do sex differences exist? These are the main issues that were addressed in this study. Using visual half-filed presentation method, Stroop-type word naming task was given to subjects, from age 7 through 19. Vocal reaction times of subjects(7, 10, 13, and 19-year-olds) were measured to unilaterally presented words(blue, orange, pink, and violet). The results are follows: 1)Effects of visual field presentation(right visual field advantage) for all age groups were revealed. 2)Differences in vocal reaction time between the two visual fields decreased as age increases. 3)The analysis of cerebral dominance index showed significant differences between the 7 and the 13/19-year-olds. These results were interpreted to suggest that although left-hemispheric function for word naming lateralized prior to age 7, the degree of asymmetry between the two hemispheres is decreasing with age.