Maternal insecure adult attachment and psychological control: mediating role of emotion and sense of competence
Abstract
This study attempted to fill a gap in the extent literature regarding risk factors for maternal psychological control. A sample of 497 mothers of preschoolers participated in the study. Maternal reports of adult attachment, state anxiety, depression and psychological control were analysed using the SPSS 17. 0 and AMOS 17.0. Results from the structural equation modeling indicated that mother's insecure adult attachment is an important determinant of maternal psychological control. Attachment anxiety significantly influenced maternal psychological control both in terms of verbal and emotional control. The pathway of influence between attachment anxiety and maternal psychological control was also mediated by maternal depression and anxiety as well as maternal sense of competence. Second, attachment avoidance was a significant predictor of maternal emotional and verbal control with maternal depression, anxiety, and sense of competence as significant mediators. There also was a significant gender difference with mothers of boys showing greater increase in depression and anxiety as the level of attachment avoidance increased. On the other hand, the influence of attachment anxiety on depression and anxiety was greater for mothers of girls compared to mothers of boys. While maternal depression and anxiety as well as maternal sense of competence were also significant predictors of maternal psychological control, they seem to take different pathways in exerting their influence.
- keywords
- insecure adult attachment, maternal depression and anxiety, maternal sense of competence. parental psychological control, 불안정 성인애착, 우울, 불안, 자아유능감, 모의 심리적 통제, insecure adult attachment, maternal depression and anxiety, maternal sense of competence. parental psychological control
Reference
권기정 (2008). 어머니의 심리통제와 유아의 행동문제에 관한 연구. 한양대학교 교육대학원 석사학위청구논문.
김경미, 박범혁, 김영희 (2005). 기초연구: 과보호적 양육행동에 관련된 어머니와 아동의 특성. 한국놀이치료학회지, 13(2), 63-80.
김미숙 (2005). 어머니의 양육 스트레스와 양육 효능감이 양육향동에 미치는 영향. 가톨릭대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
김미해, 옥경희, 천희영(2003). 어머니의 신념 및 양육행동이 유아의 공격, 위축행동에 미치는 영향. 대한가정학회지, 41(4), 85- 100.
김송아 (2008). 아동이 지각한 부와 모의 심리통제가 아동의 사회불안에 미치는 영향. 숙명여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
김정택 (1978) 특성불안과 사회성과의 관계: Spielberger의 STAI를 중심으로. 고려대학교 대학원 석사학위논문.
김혜인 (2010). 부모의 심리적 통제와 남녀 청소년의 역기능적 완벽주의 및 자의식 정서가 우울에 영향을 미치는 경로 탐색. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
김희영, 박성연 (2008). 사회, 정서발달: 어머니의 완벽주의와 심리적 통제가 남, 여 아동의 완벽주의 및 우울에 미치는 영향: 경로분석모형. 한국심리학회지: 발달, 21 (3), 115-131.
박경희 (2004). 유아의 자기통제와 어머니의 양육 태도 및 초기대상관계 유형간의 관계. 성신여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
박해미 (1994). 자녀양육행동과 관련된 부모의 스트레스 분석. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
소언주, 도현심 (2001). 어머니의 분리불안: 어머니의 특성, 아동기의 초기기질 및 과보호적 양육행동과의 관계. 대한가정학회지, 39(11), 209-222.
신숙재 (1997). 어머니의 양육스트레스, 사회적 지원과 부모효능감이 양육행동에 미치는 영향. 연세대학교 대학원 박사학위청구논문.
양승윤 (2008). 어머니의 심리통제와 아동 우울증상의 관계에서 완벽주의의 매개효과. 숙명여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
이경님 (2004). 아동이 지각한 부부갈등, 어머니의 양육행동과 아동행동문제가 아동학대에 미치는 영향. 한국생활과학지, 13(1), 63-73.
이미정 (2010). 부모의 통제가 남녀 아동의 자아존중감에 미치는 영향: 아동의 자율성의 매개적 역할. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
이영호, 송종용 (1991). BDI, SDS, MMPI-D 척도의 신뢰도 및 타당도에 대한 연구. 한국심리학회지: 임상, 10(1), 98-113.
전숙영 (2007). 어머니의 심리통제 및 아동의 행동적 자율성과 자기 통제력이 아동의 문제행동에 미치는 영향. 한국가정관리학회지, 25(4), 169-179.
전현진 (1997). 부모의 아동기 경험, 인성 및 결혼만족도가 양육행동에 미치는 영향. 이화여자대학교 대학원 석사학위청구논문.
정미경, 김영희 (2003). 어머니의 아동기 양육경험, 우울, 부부갈등 및 양육행동과 학령기 아동의 부적응. 대한가정학회지, 41(8), 123-137.
Adam, E. K., Gunnar, M. R., & Tanaka, A. (2004). Adult attachment, parent emotion, and observed parenting behavior: mediator and moderator models. Child Development. 75(1), 110-1222.
Ardelt, M., & Eccles, J. (2001). Effects of mothers' parental efficacy beliefs and promotive parenting strategies on inner-city youth. Journal of Family Issues, 22, 944-972.
Bandura, A. (1989). Regulation of cognitive processes through perceived self-efficacy. Developmental Psychology. 25, 729-735.
Barber, B. K. (1996). Parental Psychological Control: revisiting a neglected construct. Child Development, 67(6), 3296-3319.
Barber, B., & Harmon, E., L. (2002). Violating the Self: Parental Psychological Control of Children and Adolescents in B. Barber (Ed.) Intrusive Parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents, Washington D. C: American Psychological Association.
Barber, B. K.., Sholtz, H. E., & Olsen, J. A. (2005). Parental support, psychological control, and behavioral control: Assessing relevance across time, culture, and method. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, I-137.
Batholomew, K., & Horowitz, L. M. (1991). Attachment styles among young adults: A test of a four-category model. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 61, 226-244.
Belsky, J. (1984). Determinants of parenting. Child Development, 55, 83-96.
Bowlby, J. (1984). Caring for the young: Influences on the development. In R. S. Coheler, & S. H. weissman (Eds.), Parenthood. A psychodynamic perspective (pp.269-284). New York. Guilford Press.
Brennan, K. A., Clark, C. L., & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Self-report measurement of adult romantic attachment: An integrative overview. In J. A. Simpson & W. S. Rhodes (Eds.), Attachment theory and close relationships (pp.46-76). New York: Guilford Press. t
Bugental, D. B., Blue, J., & Cruzcosa, M. (1989). Perceived control over caregiving outcomes: Implications for child abuse. Developmental Psychology, 25, 532-539.
Bugental, D. B., & Johnston, C. (2000). Parental and child cognitions in the context of the family. Annual Review of Psychology, 51, 35-344.
Cassidy, J., & Berlin, L. J. (1994). The insecure/ambivalent pattern of attachment: theory and research. Child Development, 65, 971-981.
Cassidy, J., & Kobak, R. R. (1988). Avoidance and its relationship with other defensive processes. In J. Belsky & T. Nezworski (Eds.), Clinical implications of attachment (pp.300-323), Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
Cassidy, J., & Shaver, P. R. (Eds.). (2008). Handbook of attachment: Theory, research, and clinical applications (2nd ed.). New York: Guilford Press.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker, K. H. (2000). Parenting self-efficacy among mothers of school-age children: conceptualization, measurement, and correlates. Family Relations, 49, 13-24.
Coleman, P. K., & Karraker. K. H. (2003). Maternal self-efficacy beliefs, competence in parenting, and toddlers' behavior and developmental status. Infant Mental Health Journal, 24, 126-148.
Deklyen, M., & Greenberg, M. (2008). Attachment and psychopathology in childhood, in J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver(Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (pp.637-665). New York: Guilford.
Downey, G., & Coyne, J. C. (1990). Children of depressed parents: An integrative review. Psychological Bulletin, 108, 50-76.
Fonagy, P., Gergely, G., Jurist, E., & Target, M. (2002). Affect regulation, mentalization, and the development of the self. New York: NY. Other press.
Gibaud-Wallston, J., & Wandersman, L. P. (1978). Development and utility of the Parenting Sense of Competence Scale. Paper presented at the meeting of the American Psychological Association, Toronto, Canada.
Gondoli, D. M., & Silverberg, S. B. (1997). Maternal emotional distress and diminished responsiveness: The mediating role of parenting efficacy and parental perspective taking. Developmental Psychology, 33, 861-868.
Goodman, S. H., & Gotlib, I. H. (Eds.). (2002). Children of depressed parents: mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
Jones, T. L., & Prinz, R. J. (2005). Potential roles of parental self-efficacy in parent and child adjustment: A review. Clinical Psychology Review, 25, (3), 341-363.
Kobak, R. (1999). The emotional dynamics of disruptions in attachment relationships: Implications for theory, research, and clinical intervention. In J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver(Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (pp.21-43). New York: Guilford.
Levy, K. N., Blatt, S. J. & Shaver, P. R. (1998). Attachment Styles and Parental Representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 74, (2), 407-419.
Lyons-Ruth, K., Lyubchik, A., Wolfe, R., & Bronfman, E. (2002). Parental depression and child attachment: hostile and helpless profiles of parent and child behavior among families at risk in S. Goodman and I. Gotlib (Eds.). Children of depressed parents: mechanisms of risk and implications for treatment. Washington D. C: American Psychological Association.
Maciejewski, P. K., Prigerson, H. G., & Masure, C. M. (2000). Self-efficacy as a mediator between stressful life events and depressive symptoms: Difference based on prior history of depression. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 373-378.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2003). The attachment behavioral system in adulthood: Activation, psychodynamics, and interpersonal processes. In M. P. Zanna(Ed.). Advances in experimental and social psychology (Vol. 35, pp.53-152). New York, NY: Academic Press.
Mikulincer, M., & Shaver, P. R. (2008). Adult attachment and affect regulation. in J. Cassidy & P. R. Shaver(Eds.), Handbook of attachment: theory, research, and clinical applications (pp. 503-531). New York: Guilford.
Mikulincer, M., Shaver, P., Cassidy, J., & Berant (2009). Attachment-related defensive processes in J. H. Obegi, & E. Beranrm (Eds.) Attachment theory and clinical work with adults (pp.293-327). New York: Guilford Press.
Olsen, S, F., Yang, C., Craig, H. H., Robinson, C. C., Peixia W., Nelson, D., Nelson, J., Jin, Shenghua, & Wo, J. (2002), Maternal Psychological Control and Preschool Children's Behavioral Outcomes in china, Russia, and the United States in B. Barber (Ed.) Intrusive Parenting: How psychological control affects children and adolescents. Washington D. C: American Psychological Association.
Rholes, W. S., Simpson, J. A., & Orlina, M (1999). Attachment and anger in an anxiety-provoking situation. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 76, 40-957.
Shaver, P. R. & Mikulinger, M. (2002). Attachment-related psychodynamics. Attachment and Human Development. 4 (2). 133-161.
Shaver, P. R. & Mikulincer, M. (2011). Human aggression and violence. Washington D. C: American Psychological Association.
Shaver, P. R., Segev, M., Mikluncer, M., (2011). A behavioral systems perspective on power and aggression. In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.) Human aggression and violence. (pp.71-88). Washington D.C: American Psychological Association.
Simpson, J. A., Rholes, W. S., & Phillips, D. (1996). Conflict in close relationships: An attachment perspective. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 899-914.
Soenens, B., Vansteenkiste, M, Luyten, P., Duriez, B., & Goossens, L. (2005). Psychological control and perfectionism.
Spielberger, C. D., Gorsuch, R .L., and Lushene. R.E. (1970). Manual for the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Palo Alto, CA: Consulting Psychologists Press.
Toth, S. L., & Cicchetti, D. (1996). Patterns of relatedness, depressive symptomatology, and perceived competence in maltreated children. Journal of consulting and clinical psychology. 64(1). 32-41.
Toth, S. l., Harris, L. S., Goodman, G. S., & Capezza, N. (2011). Influence of violence and aggression on children's psychological development: trauma, attachment, and memory In P. R. Shaver & M. Mikulincer (Eds.) Human aggression and violence. (pp.351-366). Washington D. C: American Psychological Association.
Treffers, D. A., & Silverman, W. K. (2001). Anxiety and its disorders in children and adolescents before the twentieth century. In W. K. Silverman & D. A Treffers(Eds.). Anxiety and disorders in children and adolescents. Research, assessment, and intervention (pp.1-22). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Trentacosra, C. J. & Shaw, D. S (2008). Maternal predictors of rejecting parenting and early adolescent antisocial behavior. Journal of abnormal child psychology, 36(2), 247-259.
Wei, M., Vogel., D. L., Ku, T.-Y., & Zakalik, R. A. (2005). Adult attachment, affect regulation, negative mood, and interpersonal problems: The mediating roles of emotional reactivity and emotional cutoff. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 52, 14-24.
Wells-parker, E., Miller, D. I., & Topping, J. S. (1990). Development of control-of-outcome scales and self-efficacy scales for women in four life roles. Journal of Personality Assessment, 54, 564-575.
Wood, J. J. (2006). Parental intrusiveness and children's separation anxiety in a clinical sample, Clinical Psychiatry and Human Development, 37, 73-87.
- Downloaded
- Viewed
- 0KCI Citations
- 0WOS Citations