The purpose of this study was to examine the structural relations among pregnant women’s attachment to mother, insecure adult attachment, marital quality, maternal-fetal attachment, and mediating effect of insecure adult attachment and marital quality. A self-reported survey was conducted on 625 pregnant women who participated in prenatal education program in Seoul and Gyeonggi, and Structural Equation Modeling was used to analyze the data. The results were as follows: First, attachment to mother influenced directly maternal-fetal attachment. and Second, attachment to mother affected indirectly maternal-fetal attachment through marital quality. Third, attachment to mother affected progressively maternal-fetal attachment through insecure adult attachment and marital quality Based on the results of this study, strategies to improve maternal-fetal attachment and support for parent and spouse were discussed.
This study was conducted to validate the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0) developed by Gearhardt, Corbin and Brownell (2016) for the measurement of food addiction. For this purpose, 435 adults were recruited from internet cafes, researchers' personal SNS, one university in Daegu and one university in Kyungbuk. The ROC curve was used to adjust the thresholds for each item of the Yale food addiction scale 2.0 to fit the domestic situation. The exploratory factor analysis and the confirmatory factor analysis were conducted to ensure the appropriateness of the factor structure, and the validity and reliability respectively. As a result, first of all, the threshold was changed in 16 of the 35 items. Second, as with the original scale, the single factor structure for 11 symptoms was extracted and the internal consistency was found to be appropriate. As a result of confirmatory factor analysis, it was shown that they had better fit in single factor. Yale food addiction scale 2.0 showed a positive correlation with the Binge Eating Scale (BES) and the general food craving-trait scale (G-FCQ-T). However, unlike previous studies, sub-factors of Three Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ) showed negative correlation with dietary restriction and BMI. Overall, the validated validity, cross validity, and convergent validity of the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 were significant. Finally, the implications and limitations of the study were discussed based on the results of this study.
The aim of this study was to investigate gender differences among Korean children in cognitive abilities. To this end, 557 Korean children (314 boys and 243 girls) aged 7 to 15 years were given cognitive tests measuring verbal ability, spatial ability, general knowledge, and processing speed. Based on previous studies, it was expected that girls would outperform boys on tests measuring verbal ability and processing speed, whereas boys would outperform girls on tests measuring spatial ability and general knowledge. Major results were as follows. First, girls scored higher on tasks of Verbal Fluency and Coding, consistent with the hypothesis that girls are superior to boys in verbal ability and processing speed. Second, boys scored higher on tasks of Picture Completion, Block Design, and Information, consistent with the hypothesis that boys are superior to girls in spatial ability and general knowledge. Third, a Gender by Age interaction was found in tasks of Verbal Fluency and Block Design. With increasing age, gender differences in Verbal fluency increased, but those in Block Design decreased. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that gender differences in verbal ability, spatial ability, general knowledge, and processing speed are established in relatively early childhood. Given that similar gender differences were also reported for Western children, these gender differences are to a large extent cross-cultural.
This study investigated the relationship between social media use and negative body image with a basis on the self-objectification theory. In the self-objectification theory, women experience the objectification of their body in the socio-cultural context, leading to developing negative body image. This study considered the social media use as the objectification experience. We specified the behaviors of social media use as browsing and uploading behaviors, and tested a mediation model in which browsing and uploading predicted eating behaviors via body surveillance and body shame, respectively. Participants were 219 women in the 20s and 30s who were using Instagram. The body image-related Instagram uploading behaviors were measured by the number of selfie, and browsing behaviors measured by the number of body image-related accounts followed by the participants, such as accounts of female idol singer, female model, or fashion, beauty shopping mall. The results showed that uploading and browsing behaviors predicted restricted eating through different routes. Uploading behaviors positively predicted restricted eating via a serial mediation of body surveillance and body shame. Browsing behaviors directly predicted body shame, which, in turn, predicted restricted eating. Lastly, the implications and limitations of this study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to examine a mediation effect of parenting efficacy in the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and affective empathy of preschoolers and to analysis the differences of structural relationship by mother’s employment status. It was confirmed as a final model. 432 mothers of preschoolers were participated to examine of this relationships. The results are as follows. First, the mother's depressive symptoms were found to be complete mediated by the parenting efficacy in the preschoolers affective empathy. Second, as a result of multi-group analysis according to mother's employment status, the partial moderating effect was proved that the depressive symptoms had a influence on the parenting efficacy in non-working mothers. The results of this study suggest that maternal depressive symptoms may have an indirect effect on the affective empathy of preschoolers and positively influence the development of preschoolers through mediation of parenting efficacy. In addition, the effect of non-working mothers' depressive symptoms on parenting efficacy is greater, suggesting that active housekeeping intervention should be sought.
The purpose of this study was to examine a mediation effect of parenting efficacy in the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms and affective empathy of preschoolers and to analysis the differences of structural relationship by mother's employment status. It was confirmed as a final model. 432 mothers of preschoolers were participated to examine of this relationships. The results were as follows. First, the mother's depressive symptoms were found to be complete mediated by the parenting efficacy in the preschoolers affective empathy. Second, as a result of multi-group analysis according to mother's employment status, the partial moderating effect was proved that the depressive symptoms had a influence on the parenting efficacy in non-working mothers. The results of this study suggest that maternal depressive symptoms may have an indirect effect on the affective empathy of preschoolers and positively influence the development of preschoolers through mediation of parenting efficacy. In addition, the effect of non-working mothers' depressive symptoms on parenting efficacy is greater, suggesting that active housekeeping intervention should be sought.
The purpose of this study is to figure out the factors influencing the recidivism of delinquent juveniles. This study also tried to find out whether male and female adolescents have different characteristics causing recidivism or not. 188 juvenile delinquents (95 males and 93 females) in South Korea, who were put either on probation or in a juvenile detention center, participated in this study. The purpose of this study is to figure out the factors influencing the recidivism of delinquent juveniles. This study also tried to find out whether male and female adolescents have different characteristics causing recidivism or not. 188 juvenile delinquents (95 males and 93 females) in South Korea, who were put either on probation or in a juvenile detention center, participated in this study. The Juvenile Delinquency Risk Assessment Inventory-Dynamic (JDRAI-D) was used to measure the risk of recidivism. JDRAI-D is a dynamic risk assessment tool measuring dynamic factors such as a personality·attitude, school/workplace, family, peer friends, mental health, leisure/lifestyle and sexual behavior factor. The history of delinquency used to predict the recommitted crime. Also, male and female data separately were analyzed in order to see the gender differences in recidivism risk factors. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the explanatory power of factors of JDRAI-D in delinquent juveniles. These results showed that the ‘personality․attitude factor’ has more meaningful explanatory power (β=.39, p<.001) in the male adolescents. Also, we can read off that female delinquents affect significant explanatory powers on the 'personality․attitude factor'(β=.45, p<.001), and on the 'mental health factor'(β=.20, p<.05). The results of this study showed how the ‘personality․attitude and mental health factors’ impinge on recidivism by the juvenile delinquents. Especially, it was found that the significant gender difference exists in recidivism risk factors. Multiple regression analyses were used to examine the explanatory power of factors of JDRAI-D in delinquent juveniles. These results showed that the ‘personality·attitude factor’ has more meaningful explanatory power (β=.39, p<.001) in the male adolescents. Also, we can read off that female delinquents affect significant explanatory powers on the 'personality·attitude factor'(β=.45, p<.001), and on the mental health factor(β=.20, p<.05). The results of this study showed how the ‘personality·attitude and mental health factors’ impinge on recidivism by the juvenile delinquents. Especially, it was found that the significant gender difference exists in recidivism risk factors.