The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of the Work-Family Conflict scale(WFC) which was modified and developed by Cinamon and Rich(2002a). The WFC scale considers both directions, such as work to family and family to work in order to better understand women’s multiple roles in work and family. A sample survey targeted 305 married female workers who live and have more than one child under the age of 16. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 2-factor model considering of bidirectional work-family conflict. The K-WFC had high statistical figures of interitem correlation analysis and reliability. Discriminant validity test between work-family conflict and work-family enrichment revealed significantly negative correlation, so discriminant validity was supported. Concurrent validity test between WFC and the Work Satisfaction identified postulate validity, which means that the more work- family conflict increases, the more work satisfaction decreases. And predictive validity test between WFC and depression identified postulate validity. In conclusion, limitations of this study and future research directions were discussed.
The purpose of this study is to verify the validity of the Work-Family Conflict scale(WFC) which was modified and developed by Cinamon and Rich(2002a). The WFC scale considers both directions, such as work to family and family to work in order to better understand women's multiple roles in work and family. A sample survey targeted 305 married female workers who live and have more than one child under the age of 16. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the 2-factor model considering of bidirectional work-family conflict. The K-WFC had high statistical figures of interitem correlation analysis and reliability. Discriminant validity test between work-family conflict and work-family enrichment revealed significantly negative correlation, so discriminant validity was supported. Concurrent validity test between WFC and the Work Satisfaction identified postulate validity, which means that the more work-family conflict increases, the more work satisfaction decreases. And predictive validity test between WFC and depression identified postulate validity. In conclusion, limitations of this study and future research directions were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences of sexual attitudes and sexual behaviors based on the married women's type of orgasm and orgasmic disorder. For this end, 206 married women were asked to complete the Dyadic Sexual Communication Scale, the Sexual Attitude Scale, the Sexual Self-monitoring Form, the Derogatis Sexual Function Inventory, the Kansis Marital Satisfaction Scale, the Female Sexual Function Index and the Women's Sexuality Questionnaire. The results were as followed: (1) As compared to the orgasmic women, the anorgasmic women reported have lower level of sexual communication, sexual assertiveness, variety and pleasure of sexual behavior, sexual satisfaction, marital satisfaction and sexual knowledge of partner. (2) When orgasmic women were divided into four orgasm types, there was high level of sexual communication, variety and pleasure of sexual behavior, sexual satisfaction, marital satisfaction and sexual knowledge of partner in the order of multiorgasm, coitus orgasm, partner orgasm and masturbation orgasm. Finally, clinical implications and limitations of the study were discussed.
The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) sibling status effects on the perception of mother's parenting attitudes, (2) sibling status effects on differentiation of self, and (2) the mediating effect of perceived parenting attitudes of mother on the relationship between birth order and differentiation of self of female college students. The subjects were 543 female college students in Seoul, and major results of this study were as follow. First, there was significant birth order difference in perceived mother's love, perceived mother's control, and differentiation of self. Firstborns perceived their mother more loving, and less controlling than second-born students, and firstborns showed higher degree of differentiaion of self. Second, as a result of 3-way ANOVA, Second-born students perceived their mother more loving than first-born students when the age spacing was more than five years. Also, Second-borns generally reported higher control of their mother, and when the age spacing was between 1 and 5 years, second-borns having older sister perceived their mother more controlling than second-borns having older brother. When the age spacing was less than 1 year or between 1 and 5 years, firstborns showed higher degree of differentiation of self than second-borns. Third, perceived mother's control completely mediated the relationship between birth order and differentiation of self. Being second-born and reporting mother's higher control predicted lower differentiation of self, and birth order had an indirect effect on differentiation of self through the perception of mother's control.
The purpose of this study was to investigate (1) sibling status effects on the perception of mother's parenting attitudes, (2) sibling status effects on differentiation of self, and (2) the mediating effect of perceived parenting attitudes of mother on the relationship between birth order and differentiation of self of female college students. The subjects were 543 female college students in Seoul, and major results of this study were as follow. First, there was significant birth order difference in perceived mother's love, perceived mother's control, and differentiation of self. Firstborns perceived their mother more loving, and less controlling than second-born students, and firstborns showed higher degree of differentiaion of self. Second, as a result of 3-way ANOVA, Second-born students perceived their mother more loving than first-born students when the age spacing was more than five years. Also, Second-borns generally reported higher control of their mother, and when the age spacing was between 1 and 5 years, second-borns having older sister perceived their mother more controlling than second-borns having older brother. When the age spacing was less than 1 year or between 1 and 5 years, firstborns showed higher degree of differentiation of self than second-borns. Third, perceived mother's control completely mediated the relationship between birth order and differentiation of self. Being second-born and reporting mother's higher control predicted lower differentiation of self, and birth order had an indirect effect on differentiation of self through the perception of mother's control.
The present study examined the subgroups of working mothers divided by work-family gains, work-family strains, work-parenting gains and work-parenting strains. Results from a cluster analysis with a sample of married and employed women with the youngest children under 12 years old (N=196) indicated the presence of three clusters. Cluster 1 was characterized by greater multiple role strains, lower satisfaction with life, a higher depression score, and more difficulties in work-family balance. This group also reported taking more responsibilities for household chores and parenting. Therefore, this group was named ‘multiple role conflicts type’. By contrast, Cluster 2 showed the characteristics of greater multiple role gains, more satisfaction with life, a lower depression score, and more balance in work-family roles. Individuals in this cluster also reported less responsibilities for household chores and parenting. Based on these characteristics, Cluster 2 was named ‘multiple role enrichment type’. Finally, Cluster 3 showed an average level of multiple role gains and strains. Based on these characteristics, Cluster 3 was named ‘multiple role neutral type’. The implications and suggestion for future studies were discussed.