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메뉴Although career aspiration(CA) was not accurate reflection of subsequent career behavior, it was studied as a result variable in most of studies in the past. In this regard, the present study was performed to clarify the functioning process of CA as antecedents of adaptive career behavior. Researchers assumed career future(CF) as an adaptive career behavior, and hypothesized that CA are related to CF, and self-concept clarity(SCC) plays a role in this relationship on male but not on female participants. As expected, high level of SCC performed a significant role between high level of CA and high level of CF for males. For females, however, effect of SCC did not influence the relation between level of CA and CF. Those results imply that there are gender difference on development of CA, and different interventions by genders considering career compromising process are needed to strengthen the relation between CA and CF.
This study attempts to explore the process of woman's individuation and the possibility of feminine Self-actualization represented in the myths of <Saigeongbonpul-ee>. The myths is about a goddess Jacheongbi who take care of agricultural abundance and a love story which shows the process of meeting, seperation and reunion between Jacheongbi and her Animus, Moondoreung. Jacheongbi have overcome many obstacles with dynamic liveliness for realization of her love and have traveled the ‘west heaven’ reapeatedly for saving Moondoreung and Chungsoonam from death. ‘West heaven’ is an ultimate life creating place as well as a place of death. Jacheongbi is well suited for the role of an agriculural goddess and shamanic goddess. With its basis on Karl Jung's Analytical Psychology, the myths of <Saigeongbonpul-ee> shows many achetypal images. In the process of Jacheongbi's individuation, the image of feminine Self archetype will be achieved when feminine Ego (Jacheongbi) is conscious of individual unconsciousness and collective unconsciousness and fulfills an encounter with Self (flower and seed) as her original psyche. This study help us to gain a comprehension in Jacheongbi, the symbol of Heroine Archetype, Therapist Arechetype as an shamanic goddess. Today, Jacheongbi will be recreated, worked and realized through the process of Korean feminie self-actualization as wisdom goddess.
The purpose of this study was examine moderator variable for domestic violence by presenting controllable moderator variable in domestic violence occurring between married couples. This study attempted to understand the ‘moderating’ effect in the course in which rage develops to violent behavior. The questionnaire research was conducted to the subjects being consisted of legal group(n=269) including assaulter(n=143; 53.16%) who had been subjected to legal measure and victims(n=126; 46.84%) who were their spouse, and control group(n=1,476) including general married men(n=753; 51.02%) and women(n=723; 48.98%), and being recruited from Seoul, Daegu, Kyungbuk, and Pusan using convenient sampling method. A total of 1,476 subjects participated. The results of this study are as follows: The control group showed higher percentage of behavior of a coping scale of husband than legal group. The husbands showed higher percentage of behavior of a coping scaler than wives. As for husbands, husbands of control group showed higher percentage of wife behavior of a coping scale than them of legal group. As for legal group, wife showed more behavior of a coping scale than husband. Although the intensity of violence increased as the anger of husband is higher, as the mind control behavior of a coping scale of husband increased the intensity of violence of husband decreased. It was also showed that the intensity of violence of husband remained increasing even wife deployed behavior of a coping scale of legal appeal, appealing behavior, and strong dealing method.
This study extends the literature on eating disorder symptomatology by testing, based on extant literature on objectification theory, a model that examines (a) links of interpersonal sexual objectification experiences to eating disorder-related variables and (b) the mediating roles of internalization of sociocultural standards of beauty, body surveillance, and body shame. The present study also tested these core constructs with dance majors, as their experiences with these constructs may differ. A multiple-groups analysis comparing these women (n = 98) with non-dancers (n = 154) indicated that objectification theory can be extended to the dance majors. However, structural invariance analyses revealed that the relationships among the study variables may not be identical for these groups. The dance majors had a stronger relationship between internalization and disordered eating but weaker relationships between body surveillance and body shame, between body shame and disordered eating, and between interpersonal sexual objectification experiences and body surveillance than did non-dancers. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.
This study aims to investigate the effect of navigation officer's gender on their situation awareness(SA) and navigation performances. For this purpose, the male and female navigation officer's performance of (1) recognizing the previous navigation scenes, (2) comparing of two radar informations, and (3) projecting possible situations based on current context and were compared. And ship handling performances in simulation, subjective workload, and confidence on their performances were compared in both genders. The results indicated the male navigation officers showed higher recognition accuracy and more sensitive in discriminating the difference between two radar informations than female navigation officers. In simulation study, male navigation officers showed lower frequency of collisions with other ships and higher level of confidence on their performances than female officers, although there are no gender differences on their subjective workload.
The present study analyzes research trends in scholarly papers published in Korean journals from 1991 to 2001 concerning grandparents and grandchildren. The numbers of articles on grandparents and grandchildren has been increasing from 5 in 1990s to 80 in 2000s in the fields of gerontology, family studies, social welfare, child study, and education altogether. A large number of papers focused on grandparents, especially on grandmothers, who have been fully or partially responsible for grandchildren rearing for their adult children addressing quality of life and psychological adaptation. The papers, taken together, tended to imply that grandchildren rearing became more critical than ever in the life of elderly women.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of social support on parenting stress in low-income families, focused on children's age and environmental risk factors. Mothers of 300 children(157 boys and 143 girls; 159 children aged 0-5 years and 141 children aged 6-11 years) enrolled in Dream Start, a public assistance program for low income families, were assessed with the Korean version of the Parenting Stress Index Short Form(PSI-SF) and Multidimensional Scale of Percieved Social Support. Environmental risk factors were also assessed. The results showed that the effect of social support on parenting stress decreased with age. Furthermore, environmental risk factor had a moderating effect of social support on parenting stress, and social support for mothers of younger children emerged as important protective factor, while protective function of social support appeared to be important for mothers of older children only with low environmental risk factors. The results were discussed in terms of implications for preventive intervention programs for mothers in poverty.
This study attempted to fill a gap in the extent literature regarding risk factors for maternal psychological control. A sample of 497 mothers of preschoolers participated in the study. Maternal reports of adult attachment, state anxiety, depression and psychological control were analysed using the SPSS 17. 0 and AMOS 17.0. Results from the structural equation modeling indicated that mother's insecure adult attachment is an important determinant of maternal psychological control. Attachment anxiety significantly influenced maternal psychological control both in terms of verbal and emotional control. The pathway of influence between attachment anxiety and maternal psychological control was also mediated by maternal depression and anxiety as well as maternal sense of competence. Second, attachment avoidance was a significant predictor of maternal emotional and verbal control with maternal depression, anxiety, and sense of competence as significant mediators. There also was a significant gender difference with mothers of boys showing greater increase in depression and anxiety as the level of attachment avoidance increased. On the other hand, the influence of attachment anxiety on depression and anxiety was greater for mothers of girls compared to mothers of boys. While maternal depression and anxiety as well as maternal sense of competence were also significant predictors of maternal psychological control, they seem to take different pathways in exerting their influence.
The purpose of this study is to reveal the effects of cultural competence of international marriage migrant women in their acculturation levels in order to find the basis for the provision of a service that will develop and re-enforce their cultural competence. In this study, the levels of socio-cultural adaptation, psychological adaptation (marital satisfaction and satisfaction with life), and cultural competence(cultural knowledge, cultural skill, cultural attitude, and cultural awareness) were examined in 153 women from Geongsangbuk-do Province (P City and D City) and Gyeongsangnam-do Province (B city). The results were used as a basis to examine the effects of cultural competence in acculturation levels. The level of socio-cultural adaptation was normal, while marital satisfaction was little bit satisfactory, and satisfaction with life was slightly dissatisfactory in the psychological adaptation category. In the cultural competence category, cultural attitude levels rated the highest, followed by cultural skill, cultural awareness, and cultural knowledge. Amongst these, the satisfaction with cultural attitude was the highest, while cultural knowledge was considered the most essential and the most necessary. cultural competence has statistically significant effects on socio-cultural adaptation, marital satisfaction, satisfaction with life, and acculturation levels. In inspecting the relationship amongst cultural competence subcategories, cultural knowledge influenced socio-cultural adaptation, cultural attitude influenced satisfaction with life, and cultural knowledge along with cultural attitude influenced acculturation. This study is important in that it views international marriage migrant women as the main subject of acculturation, explores their acculturation levels and cultural competence in a multi-dimensional manner, and draws research findings on the effects of cultural competence on acculturation.
The purpose of this study is to define and validate the factors of attitude questionnaire toward married immigrant women. Literature review as well as individual interviews were carried out and the questionnaire with six factors(exclusive attitude, concern, influence, prejudice, adaptation, and credibility) was composed of 60 items. Through content validity with 7 experts, 8 items were excluded and 52 items were chosen. The 52-item questionnaire of attitude toward married immigrant women was carried out on the subjects of 56 adolescents and adults. After item analysis and exploratory factor analysis, 30 items of the reviewed attitude questionnaire toward married immigrant women were conducted on 629 subjects of adolescents and adults in Jeolla-province. Through reanalyzed exploratory factor analysis, 2 items were excluded and 28 items were chosen. The results of confirmative analysis of 28 items of the final attitude questionnaire toward married immigrant women proved the model fitness of six-factored structure. The correlations between every sub-factor of the attitude questionnaire toward married immigrant women and all of the sub-factors of QDI(The quick discrimination inventory) also showed the concurrent validity of the developed questionnaire. Both limitations of this study and suggestions for further studies were discussed with the implication of these findings.
This study aims to investigate the mediating role of patriarchal attitudes on the relationship between family violence witness and dating sexual violence among Korean college students. The participants were 383 college student (193 males and 190 females) who had the experience of dating relationship. The psychological tests used in this research included the following: Witness of Family Violence, Patriarchal Attitudes, Dating Sexual Violence Experiences. In order to verify the models, goodness of fit and significant paths were verified through structural equation model(SEM). According to the results, family violence witness, itself, had influence on male students' dating sexual assault, and patriarchal attitudes caused by family violence witness had influence on dating sexual assault. Also, family violence witness had influence on female students' dating sexual violence, and patriarchal attitudes caused by family violence witness had influence on dating sexual violence.
The present research aims to investigate the extent to which three types of communication (constructive, destructive, demand-withdraw) married couples have used played a role in the conflict caused by the discrepancy in couple's marital ideals and misunderstanding of spouse's ideals. One hundred and seventy six married couples whose marriage have lasted less than 10 years evaluated on their marital conflicts, marital ideals, and using three types of communications. Findings are as follows: First, the constructive communication alleviated the marital conflict caused by the discrepancy in the marital ideals. Specifically, husband‘s constructive communication moderated the relationship between discrepancy and marital conflict. The mutual constructive communications also turned out to play a critical role in the wife's conflict. Second, it seemed that marital conflict caused by misunderstanding of spouse's marital ideals become alleviated when there was the more constructive communication between married couples. Additionally, husband's constructive communication played an important role in the wife's marital conflict.
The purpose of the present study was to investigate gender differences pertaining to the dark side of personality, which is related to derailment factors and their effect on college-life effectiveness, based on the HDS (Hogan Development Survey), which comprises 11 dysfunctional personalities. Specifically, the study was focused on (1) gender differences on the 11 HDS scales (2) gender differences on scales for characteristics, such as excitable, skeptical, cautious, and reserved (i.e., the cluster of moving away from people); these scales were consistently, positively related to the dark sides or clinical factors of PAI and negatively related to the bright side of personality (HEXACO), contextual performance, basic occupational competencies required for college students, psychological well-being, and life satisfaction, and (3) gender differences in the relationships between the HDS scales and the various criteria of college-life effectiveness. A total of 237 college students who applied to a leadership program of A university participated in the survey. The results of the mean difference analysis demonstrated that gender differences were observed on the 6 HDS scales. To be specific, female students reported a higher level of the HDS scales than male students in terms of being excitable and cautious. On the other hand, the HDS scales for leisurely, bold, mischievous, and colorful were higher for males than females. The rest of the HDS scales (skeptical, reserved, imaginative, diligent, and dutiful) showed no significant differences between males and females. Regardless of gender, excitable, skeptical, cautious, and reserved scales were shown to be positively related to dark side of personality and clinical factors of PAI as well as to be negatively related to bright side of personality, which supports the previous study results. The results of multiple regression analysis showed that different scales of HDS were the significant predictors for college life effectiveness for males and females. Suggestions for future research and practical implications were provided based on the findings.
The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in spatial ability and in the types of strategies used in solving spatial tasks. To accomplish this, a measure was constructed which included a spatial ability test with five different problem types: picture completion, embedded pieces, 3-D mental rotation, 2-D mental rotation, and form development. Each item was followed by a question that asked subjects to select which among the following five strategies they employed: holistic, analytic, combined, intuitional, and other. A total of 1063 participants consisting of undergraduate and graduate students completed the test. Results showed men performed better in one out of five of the problem types. Gender differences were also found in the use of strategies for each problem category: In 2-D and form development types, women used more holistic strategies than men. In picture completion tasks, women relied more heavily on an analytic strategy. In 3-D mental rotation, women used more holistic approach than men, and men used the intuitional strategy more frequently than women. The gender differences found in the use of strategies for solving different problems provides important clues for identifying causes of the gender differences described in previous research in the studies of spatial ability. In addition, we found that certain strategies were more frequently used in certain types of problems. These findings suggest new possibilities for strategy training intended to enhance spatial ability in educational settings.