In this study, the changes of Korean family after the IMF economic crisis were analyzed from a feminist perspective. Many Korean families have experienced decreased income and diminished economic status. Many fell down from middle class status into middle-lower or lower class. And many families have shown anxiety of possible unemployment, many couples underwent the increased alcohol use and domestic troubles from which helped them to end with divorce and to leave home. We discussed that the economic crisis was not the only reason for the family troubles, that there were other factors which are deformed power relationships among family members, divided roles, and individualization and de-humanization of information society. We criticized that social movement of 'encouraging husband's energy' would not be the solution of family crisis. And we proposed that feminine characteristics such as altruism and caring would be the sustaining power which women and men should have in this crisis, and principle of justice should exist not only in society but also in home situation.
The purpose of this research was to view integratively the debate of factual basis('kernel of truth' debate) on the content of gender stereotype. According to theory of role-contextualization, the content of gender stereotype appears when people perceive other's traits on the basis of role expectation originating from the role relation of husband or wife as judgment criterion. So, content of gender stereotype(male is agentic, female is communal) has factual basis because the traits of male and female is perceived in role relation of husband-wife. Accordingly, in this research, two hypotheses were established to testify the effects of role-contextualization on the content of stereotype. One is that being contextualized in role, people use role expectation as judgment criterion. Another is that being contextualized in role, people perceive more selectively charateristics consistent with role expectation. To test these, gender role contextualized condition and race role contextualized condition were manipulated. The role of husband or wife was respectively given to subjects in gender role condition, and the role of master or slave was respectively given to subjects in race role condition. In two conditions, the role expectation was measured by impression judgment and the contents relevant to gender stereotype and racial stereotype were measured by inferring their traits. In result, the two hypotheses were supported. First, according to role-context, the tendency using role expectation as judgment criterion was increased. Namely, agentic values and communal values were used as judgment criterion in gender role condition, and protestant ethics values and considerate values were used as judgment criterion in race role condition. Second, according to role-context condition, the traits consistent with role expectation were more biasly inferred.
What is the possible effects of employment on married women's psychological area? The present study tried to answer this question in surveying 432 employed and nonemployed married women. On the basis of the basic hypothesis that psychological effects of employment may differ according to the women's gender-role attitudes, thee aspects of gender-role attitudes(general gender-role attitudes, value on son, pressure for son-reproduction) were examined as the preceeding variables of women's psychological well-being and depression. Results showed that general gender-role attitude did not significantly affect both employed and nonemployed women's psychological well-being and depression. Meanwhile, interestingly enough, attitudes related to son-preference had nonidentical effects on both groups of women. Specifically, compared to employed group, nonemployed women with higher levels of son-value and of son-reproduction pressure experienced lower level of psychological well-being or higher level of depression than did their counterparts.
Is there any personality difference based on sex, marriage, or age? This study tried to answer that question by conducting a survey measuring egogram developed by J. Dusay. This study included 225 subjects living in Chungcheongnam-Do. Principal results are as follows: male appeared more critical and reasonable than female; the married group was more reasonable, nurturing, and critical than the non-married one, while the non-married group showed a freer, and more adaptive attitude than the married one; in the married group, male was more critical and reasonable than female, whereas in the non-married group female was freer and more nurturing than male; the thirties appeared more reasonable and critical than the twenties, while the twenties were freer and more adaptive than the thirties.
The present research was intended to examine conflict between mothers- and daughters-in-law. Data were collected from 124 pairs of mother- and daughter-in-law living together, using structured interview schedules. Interview questions were addressed to the areas of following contents; general advantages and disadvantages of living together, mutual demands and situations of making conflicts. Data were treated with descriptive and factor analytic methods. Results were summarized as below: 1) In one of noticeable points, they responded high advantages and low disadvantages to each other while they are in discord mutually. 2) The results suggest that the nature of satisfactions expected to be provided when they live together is different for mothers- and daughters-in-law. The formers put more emphasis on emotional and scoial side of satisfactions such as they feel safe and proud of themselves living with their grand-son while the latters on satisfactions from instrumental utility such as care of children, door-keeping and counselling. 3) For the request of mothers- and daughters-in-law, the former stress the traditional family relationship and demand the daughter-in-law service as her duty. On the other hand, daughter-in-law claims the right as a housewife and her liberty.
This study was conducted to explore perceptions of mother's and father's power and self-with-mother/father. In session one, college students responded to an open-ended questionnaire in which respondents identified powerful people in their lives and features they experienced when with each powerful people, and also provided which power the powerful people have had. In session 2, same students responded computer-assisted ratings(HICLAS) which required to rate whether 60 features described themselves when with each powerful people. The results showed as follows: First, mothers were perceived as powerful people as fathers, and they had more legitimate and reward power than coercive and referent power. Second, many students' self-with-parents were positive and powerful. But a few people experienced worst-self when with parents because of parents' coercive power. Third, in contrast female students experienced both masculine and feminine features when with parents, male students showed mainly masculine characteristics. The results were discussed in terms of status power and "empowerment", and of appropriate social role behavior.
The purpose of this study was to find out the relations among multiple role characteristics of employed women in mid-life which could explain life satisfaction and generativity and to examine the mediating role of generativity among those relations. Participants were 262 full-time employed married woman. To identify the relations and mediating role, stepwise regression analyses were used and a path model based the analyses was drawn out. According to the model, socio-economic status, job satisfaction and intimacy explained directly life satisfaction and indirectly explained it when mediated by generativity. The variables such as wife role and contribution to domestic economics explained directly life satisfaction without a mediator generativity. The period of marriage, education and mother role did not influence directly but indirectly upon life satisfaction when generativity was employed as a mediator.
The purpose of this study was to develop the scale of Korean womens' psychological characters. Opening questionnaire were asked for getting adverbs representing Korean womens' psychological characters. After integrating the data, the scale was made at each ages(for 20 years old, 40 years old and 60 years old people). To identify the structure of the scale, exploratory factor analysis was used. The result was that positive character factor, selfish character factor, unstable character factor, sensuous character factor and hopeful character factor were found in the scale of 20 years old people. Depressinve character factor, mild character factor, family-centered character factor, impudent character factor and display character factor were discovered in the scale of 40 years old people. Daunted character factor, authoratative character factor, and affectionate charactor factor were found in the scale of 60 years old people. These factors reflect all the character of Korean people, the character of each age, and the character of women.
The present study examined if males and females experienced nonidentical needs and emotions during computer use. The theoretical concepts on the needs and emotions were established based on the models of Novak, Hoffman, & Yung(1998), and Sung, Park, & Lee(1998). In results, although males had more affluent history on computer use than females, two groups were identically using computer mainly for achieving informations. In addition, males had higher levels of information-getting need and activity need than females whereas females had higher level of interperson-relationship need. Also, the types and the degrees of needs affecting individuals' emotional experiences differed according to gender. However, specific emotions experienced in doing computer were not different in both groups: Identified gender differences in emotions(i. e., boredom, anxiety, embarrassment disappeared when the discrepancies of computer-use career between males and females were accounted for.
The present study is intended to explores the psychology of men, the most likely sexual harassers based on men's self-report, within the framework of social psychology of motivation, especially focusing on men's ambivalent motive toward women. This research surveyed 485 men working in major companies in Seoul, Korea. As the results of factor analysis, first, it was found that motivation toward women is composed on two constructs; hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. The results of the stepwise regression analyses, which were performed to identify the relationships between ambivalent motives and sexual harassment, indicated that both types of sexism had an influence on sexual harassment. Hostile sexism could lead to verbal harassment, while benevolent sexism could lead to relation-request or physical/environmental harassment. The significance and limitations of this research were discussed, and a couple of suggestions for future research were mentioned.
This study has investigated the one year adaptation process of female cadets and male cadets after their entrance. The subjects of the study are 182 male cadets and 19 female cadets at the Korea Air Force Academy. The measure of the adaptation process is completed by quantitative methods using Cadets Adjustement to Academy, Korean Symtom Checklist and their GPA. The theme of the adaptation process is analysed by small group interviews. The results of the study are as follows. First, adaptation pattern of the first grade is 'V' which means that the level of the adaptation is the lowest at the end of the first semester. Second, female cadets have more problems than male cadets in adaptation and mental health. Third, female cadets are higher than male cadets in academic achievement scores but in military conduct scores, the result is reversed. Fourth, the trends of the adaptation process are from external to internal, from individual to group and from assimilation to accomodation. All these results are discussed in the context of the physical and psychological environment of the academy.